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tcription of th4 PhiUppinM, part I (Manila, 1903); RepoH of the PhtUppine CommUaum to the President, 1900 (Washington, 1901): CouTV, StaU of the PhUippinee (Madrid, 1820), tr. Walton (London, 1821); Atkinson, The Philippine Jatanda (Boston, 1905); Sawtkr, The JnhabitanU of the PhUippinee (New York. 1900); Oeneral Bulletin of the Manila Univernty of Santo Tomde^ 1908-1909 (Manila, 1909); Baranbra, Compen- diode la Hidoria de Filimnae (Manila, 1884); Arenas, MemO' ria§ Hittdrieaa y Eatadleticaa de Filipinae (Manila, 1850); Dbloado, Hielona Oeneral de Uu Idas Ftlipinaa (Manila, 1894); Moreno, Hidoria de la Santa Igleeia Metropolitana de FVipinae (Manila, 1^77): Ck>LiN, Labor Evangilica, vols. I. II, HI (Barce- lona, 1902); Alcasar. Hietoria de loa daminioa JEaiMflolee en Oceania: Fuipinae (Manila, 1895); Murillo, Hidoria de Filir pinae (Manila, 1747).

Philip M. Fineoan.

Manila Observatory, founded by Father Frederic Faura, 8. J., in 1865; constituted officially "The Philip- pine Weather Bureau" by decree of the American governor, May, 1901.

The typhoon, known in the Philippines as a baauio, is one of the worst enemies with which the islands have to contend. Father Faura, a Jesuit professor at the Ateneo College, spent many years in the study of these dreaded storms, in the hope of one day being able to foretell their coming and thereby avert much of the damage which they would otherwise cause. On 7 July, 1879, he predicted that a baguio would pass over Northern Luzon; the event justified his warning. It was the first time that the existence, duration, and course of a typhoon had been predicted in the Far East. On 18 November of the same vear. Father Faura predicted a second typhoon, which he said would pass through Manila. The announcement caused great consternation in the city. Proper pre- cautions were taken, and the captain of the port for- bade vessels to leave the harbour. Thanks to the warning of Father Faura, comparatively little damage was done in Manila when, two days later, the storm broke in all its fury on the city. At other ports, to which notice of the approaching storm could not be sent for lack of telegraphic communication, the de- struction was enormous. Forty-two vessels were wrecked in Southern Luzon alone, and many lives were lost.

These successful predictions aroused the interest of a number of merchants of the city, who subscribed money to enable him to continue nis valuable work on a larger scale. In 1880, when cable connexions between Hong-Kong and Manila were established, the merchants of the former colonv requested that Father Faura's predictions be sent tnem, and their request was cheerfully granted. For some time the Jesuit meteorologist had been working on a barometer of his own invention, specially designed to foretell the ap- proach of baguios. In 1886 the "Faura barometer" was offered to the public, and it passed immediately into general use among the navij^tors of the Philip- pine waters and the China Sea. In 1884 the Govern- ment at Madrid declared Father Fauia's weather bureau an official institution, to be known as the Manila Observatory. It was then removed from the Ateneo to its present location in the District of Ei^ mita, Manila. Fourteen sub-stations, each equipped with suitable meteorological instruments, were now opened in Luzon, and their daily observations were published in a monthly bulletin. In 1890, at the request of the Japanese Government, observations began to be exchanged with that country. In 1895 the Manila Observatory was invited to be one oi six- teen observatories of the world to co-operate in the work of cloud-measurement, and it succeeded in mak- ing the highest of these measurements. The photo- graphic observations were carried on by the Rev. Jos6 Algu^, S.J., who is now director of the Plulippine Weather Bureau. Father Algu^ published a valuable work, "The Clouds in the Philippme Archipelago", as the result of his observations. His "Philippine Cy- clones", a volume much prized by navigators, and which has been translated mto several languages, was

published in 1897. In the same year he gave the public his "barocyclonometer", an improvement on Father Faura's invention, by which storms may be foretold, not only in the Philippines, but throughout the entire Orient.

The meteorological service of the Philippines was reor^nized by Father Algu^. The observatory at Mamla receives observations by telegraph three times a day from eight first-class and nine second-class sta- tions throughout the islands. Eighteen stations of the third class telegraph their observations twice a day. while ten fourth-class stations record observations ana telegraph on request. The observatory has a branch atMt.Mirador, about 5000 feet above sea level, which telegraphs its observations three times a day. Re- ports are also received twice each day by cable, from ten stations in Japan, from six in Formosa, from four on the Chinese coastj and from three in Indo-China. Whenever there are mdications of a typhoon, cable- grams are exchanged with the stations m Guam and Yap, and on such occasions aS many as half a dozen or more messages may be cabled on a single day to all the foreign stations. The observatory, besides a rich equipment of the latest meteorological instruments and seismographs, possesses a 19-inch refracting tele- scope, by far the largest in the Orient. It has also its own private telegraph and cable office. The staff of the oDservatory at Manila includes five Jesuit fathers and twenty-five well-trained native assistants.

^iLiP M. Fineoan.

Maniple. — Fornix Material^ and Use, — ^The maniple is an ornamental vestment in the form of a band, a little over a yard long and from somewhat over two to almost four inches wide, which is placed on the left arm in such manner that it falls in equal length on both sides of the arm. It is worn only during Mass, not at the administration of the sacraments, during processions, nor at Benediction, etc. In order to fasten the maniple on the arm either two strings are placed on the inner side near the middle, or else an elastic band is used, or a loop is formed in the maniple itself by sewing together the two halves which have been laid over each other, at a distance of about six inches from the middle. Another device for securing the maniple is to set a small band a little to one side of the middle and to secure this band with a pin to the alt). The maniple is made of silk or half-silk material. The colour is in accordance with the Uturgical rules. The ends of the maniple are often broader than the upper part, but too great a breadth at the ends, as in the so-called pocket or spade-shaped maniple, is ugly. In the middle and at each end the maniple is orna- mented with a small cross; of these crosses that in the middle is always necessary as it is prescribed by the rubrics of the Missal. The maniple is worn by the sub- deacon, deacon, priest, and bishop, but not by those who have only received minor oraers. For the sub- deacon the maniple is the liturgical sign of his rank, and at ordination is placed on his left arm by the bishop himself. A bishop puts on the maniple at the altar after the Confiteor, other ecclesiastics put it on in the sacristy before the service.

Name and Origin. — In earlier ages the maniple was called by various names: mappuUif sudariunij mantilef fanOf mantude, sestace^ and manipvlus, appellations which indicate to some extent its original purpose. Originally it was a cloth of fine Quality to wipe away perspiration, or an ornamental nandkcrchiet, which was seldom put into actual use, but was generally car- ried in the hand as an ornament. Ornamental hand- kerchiefs or cloths of this kind were carried by people of rank in ordinary life. Ancient remains show many proofs of this: for instance, the mappa with which tfaie consul or praetor gave the signal for the commence- ment of the games was a similar cloth. The name manipuiu9 was given because it wa/i <Qld»d.\f^^^s^«&!^