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from the proportions in which the components were mixed. His reports about different ciystallographical instruments, as well as those regarding the production of thin sections of crystals for microscopic study, are important for the science of crystallography. His investigations of the combustion of explosive gas mix- tures, of mine explosions, and the safety lamp, have great scientific out even greater practical value. Worth mentioning is his participation in the geological cartographing of France. His chief work is the volu- minous Treatise on Geometrical and Physical Crys- tallography " (Paris, 1879 and 1884); the third volume has never appeared. His religious opinions were ex- pressed by himself during a lecture in 1872: "Man has been created in the image of the Lord and there- fore he is capable of penetrating by the power of his reason into the plans and thougnts of the Creator of all things; that must be his highest ambition here below. '* These words contain Mallard's programme of life during the following two decades.

Db Lapparbnt in Annales des mtn«a* (Paris. 1895).

M. ROMPEL.

Mallinckrodt, E^skmann von, German parlia- mentarian; b. 5 Feb., 1821, at Minden, Westphalia; d. 26 May, 1874, at Berlin. His father, Detmar von Mallinckrodt, was vice-governor at Minden (1818-23) and also at Aachen (1823-29); and was an Evangelical, his highly accomplished and pious mother (nie Bern- hardine von Hartmann) was a Catholic, and the chil- dren followed her creed (see Mallinckkoot, Pauline von). Hermann von Mallinckrodt attended the gym- nasium at Aachen and studied law at Berlin and Bonn. He became auscuUalor in the district court of Pader- bom in 1841, referendar at Miinster and Erfurt in 1844. and government assessor in 1849. As such he worked at ^ilnden, ^rfurt. Stralsund, and Frankfort-on-the- Oder. At Erfurt ne was also for a time commissary to the first burgomaster, and in recognition of his ser- vices he received the freedom of the city. In 1859 he was appointed assistant in the Ministry of the Interior, and in 1860 was appointed government councillor at DQsseldorf. In 1867 he was sent to Merseburg against his will, and was pensioned oft at his own request in 1872.

As earlv as 1852 the Westphalian constituency of Beckum-Ahaus had elected him to the Prussian House of Representatives, and he took part in the founding of the "Catholic Fraction'* for the defence of the rights and liberties of the Church, which since 1859 h^ been called the Centre. When the House of Rep- resentatives was dissolved in 1863, owing to the debate on the military law, Mallinckrodt lost his man- date. In 1867, however, he was elected to the Con- stituent Diet of the North German Confederation, and in 1868 returned to the Prussian Lower House. In the North German Diet he was the leading member of the federal constitutional union. In 1867 he made a speech condemning the war against Austria (1866) and tne annexation of Hanover and Hesse, and attacked the idea of substituting a single (federal) government for the confederation of states. From 1870 till his death he stood at the head of the new Centre Party, in both the Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag, that party gaining strength during the Kulturkampf (q. v.). ae ' shared this leadership with the brothers Reichen- spergerand, after 1872, also with Ludwig Windthorst. Mallinckrodt was an unrivalled parliamentarian. " Never", to repeat the words of a colleague, "was so much force and dignity, energy and learning, strength of character and prudence, piety and vigour, imited in one person as in Hermann von Mallinckroat. " Dis- tinguished and dignified in appearance, as tactful as he was winning in society, clear in his tnou^ts, hon- ourable in his dealings, of spotless life, and moreover u strong and highly cultivated mind, a mature and grave, though good-natured and friendly, character,

and an orator who carried his audience with him by his force, lucidity^ and fire — with all this he could not but be eminent m every sphere upon which he en- tered. Whatever he believed to be right, that he ad- vocated with all his power; and he won the esteem of even his most determined opponents. Even Herr Falk, the Minister of Worship, with whom he had often enough been in conflict, called lum "the most honourable member of the Centre Party, a man who had only lived and fought for his convictions. " And the President of the Prussian Diet, von Bennigsen, also a vigorous antagonist, said: "In spite of his resolute party attitude, he succeeded in gaining and retaining not only the confidence of his pohtical friends, but also the high regard of his political opponents." While he was always an energetic orator, willingly listened to, he rose to the height of his eloquence in the Kultur- kampf. Mallindcrodt took the leading part in the defence of the Church, to which he entirely devoted himself. Windthorst's sparkling wit and Reichen- sperger's Ciceronian swing he had not. His speeches, on the other hand, are distinguished by a full com- mand of the subject, lucidity of form, and strictly logical argument. Reichensperger said of him that in a parliamentary experience of forty years he had never known a parliamentarian as serious and con- scientious in the preparation of his speeches as Mal- linckrodt. The keen force of his woras was lauded by his opponents. He spoke for the last time on 19 May, 1874, and concluded with the poetical words: Per crucem ad lucem (Through the cross to light). Death carried him away only a few days after. During all the years of 1^ parliamentary career hardly a bill of leading importance had been debated without his taking a distinguished part in the debate.

A deeply religious man, whom his faith ever refined and ennobled, Mallinckrodt also led a truly Christian family life. His first wife, Elizabeth (nie von Bern- hard), bore him seven children, of whom two died young; his second wife, her half-sister, had but three months of married life with him, and when his children had grown up, she became a religious.

FriJvr. Hermann v. Mallinckrodt (Freiburg, 1892; 2nd ed., 1901); MERTENS, Die Totenklage um Hermann v. Mallinckrodt (Paderfoom, 1880) (with newspaper articles and obituaries).

KlEMENS L6FFLER.

Mallinckrodt, Pauline, a sister of the Catholic political leader Hermann Mallinckrodt (q. v.), and foundress of the Sisters of Christian Charity; b. at Minden, Westphalia, 3 June, 1817; d. at Paderbom, 30 April, 1881. Before she became a religious she had charge of an institution for the blind and an infant school at Paderbom. After the death of her father she went to Paris to induce Mother Barat (q. v.) to ieke the Paderbom institution for the blind under the care of her congregation. As, however, the Prussian Government would not permit a French congregation in Prussia, Pauline founded the Congregation of the Sisters of Christian Charity, 21 Aug., 1849, and be- came its first superioress. The congr^ation was ap- proved by Pius IX, 21 Feb., 1863. It increased so rapidly that before the Kulturkampf, which tempo- rarily annihilated it, it numbered 20 establishments and 250 members in various parts of Germany.

On 1 May, 1873, the first sisters of this congregation arrived in tiie United States and took charge of the school in St. Henry's Parish, New Orleans. On 7 Jime, Pauline herself arrived, and made preparations for the foundation of a mother-house at Willcesbarre, Pa. She then returned to Europe and temporarily tnmsferred the European mother-house to Mont Guibert near Brussels. In 1879 she went to South America, visiting her recent foundation in Chili. Thence she travelled by way of Panama to revisit the United States, where numerous houses of her institute had sprung up since 1873. (See Christian Charity, SI8TB9B or.^