Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 9.djvu/599

 musz

552

VUJKZ

(1482-4) Albert brought Erfurt again into submission. However, even BertEold of Henneberg (q. v., 1484- 1504), perhaps the greatest Archbishop of Mainz, was unable to stem the decline of its secular power, under Jacob von Liebenstein (1504-8) the loss of Erf urt to Saxony seemed imminent. In open opposition to the Saxon house, the chapter chose, on the death of Uriel of Gemmingen (1508-14), Albert of Brandenburg arch- bishop, althougn he already held the sees of Magdeburg and Halberstadt (see Albert of Brandenburg and Germany). The mdulgent attitudii at first adopted by Albert towards the innovators, allowed the Refor- mation to spread fairly widely through the archdiocese which w^as soon convulsed by this and the Peas- ants' War. In preserving the Catholic Faith, Lorenz Thuchsess von rommersfelden^ the cathedral dean, performed ever-memorable services. Albert's reign is also important on account of the administrative re- forms introduced by him. Electors Sebastian von Hausenstamm (1545-55) and Daniel Brendel of Hom- burg (1555^82), strove indefatigably to heal the scars of the Reformation; the latter summoned the Jesuits to Mainz. Wolfgang von Dalberg (1582-1601), how- ever, gave such lukewarm support to the Counter- Reformation that he was suspected of conspiring with the Protestants. In the election capitulation the chapter imposed on his successor. John Adam von Bicken (1601-4), the obligation ot founding a semi- nary, which, however, he failed to accomplish during his snort reign. John Schweickhard von Cronenberg (1604-26) restored the Catholic religion in Eichsfeld and Bcrgstrasse, and adjusted the quarrel between Emperor Rudolf and his brother Matthias.

Mainz suffered grievously during the Thirty Years* War. Under George yon Greifenklau (1626-9), who had a prominent share in the Restitution Edict, Mainz escaped practically unaffected, but Anselm Casimir von Wambold (1629-45) had to fly before Gustavus Adolphus in 1631. When the imperial troops reoccupiecl Mainz in 1636, the retiring Swedes committed many atrocities. Frightful ravage was also wrought by the French, when they later occupied the town (1644-8). The very existence, indeed, of the princi- pality seemed threatened, as the Swedes demanded in the peace negotiations the secularization of the arch- diocese. Its escape from dissolution was entirely due to the energetic protest of Saxony and the activity of John Philip von Sch6nbom (q. v., 1647-73). As its situation left Mainz most exposed, after Cologne, to French attack, Lothaire Frederick von Mettemich- Burscheid (1673-5), to save the archdiocese, adopted a friendly attitude towards France during the wars between the emperor and Louis XIV. In 1688 his third successor, Anselm Franz von Ingelheim (1679- 95), had to surrender Mainz to the French, who were, however, driven out of the town in the following year. Lothaire Francis von Sch6nbom (1695-1729). who supported the emperor in the War of the Spanisn Suc- cession, reorganized the universitjr, founded the Hos- pital of St. Roch, and showed himself a cultivated patron of the arts and sciences. Under him the town enjoyed a return of prosperity, testified even to-day by the numerous ecclesiastical and civil buildings dating from that period.

On the death ot Franz Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuburg (1729-32), who was also Bishop of Worms and Breslau and Archbishop of Trier, Philip Charles von Eltz- Kempenich (1732-43) was elected hastily to forestall the mterierence of the ruHng houses. During the Seven Years' War, which occurred imder Frederick Charles von Ostein (1743-63), the archdiocese was laid waste on various occasions. Emmerich Joseph von Breitbach-Burresheim (1763-74) associated nimself with the " enlightened ** movement to foimd a national German Church, as far as possible independent of Rome. In 1766 he al)olished many holy days, and itsued decrees concerning the "reform" of the monas-

teries, the accumulation of real property in the " dead hand '', etc. On the suppression of the Jesuits in 1 773. he employed their property for the improvement of elemental education. Fr^erick Charles Joseph von Erthal (1774-1802), the last Elector of Mainz, laboured at first m the spirit Of the Church, but later, going over to the Enlightened, formally renounced Austria and associated himself with Prussia (q. v.). During the French Revolution Mainz encountered varying for- tunes. In 1792 the Confederation of the German Princes was founded in the town, which, after the first inglorious campaign of the German army, fell into the huids of the French during the same year. Though recovered by the Germans in 1793, it was ceded to Franoe by the Treaty of Campo-Formio in 1797, and, after the Peace of Lun^ville, became the capital of the French Department of Mont Tonnerre. During the negotiations of the Imperial Delegates the elector died on 25 July, 1802. By the Enactment of this assembly of 25 Feb., 1803, the greater part of the electorate was secularized. About five Aem/er (ad- ministrative districts) remained ecclesiastical prop- erty, and were assigned to the coadjutor of the last elector, Theodore von Dalberg (q. v.), who was named electoral chancellor, metropohtan, and primate of Germanv. The primatial see was transferred to Ratis- bon. under French rule, Mainz was changed into a simple diocese in Oct., 1802, and made subject to Mechlin, its jurisdiction being confined to that portion of the old archdiocese which lay on the left bauK of the Rhine.

(2) From the Foundation of the Modern Diocese of Maim to the Present Day.—^he new diocese corre- sponded to the Department of Mont Tonnerre, and in- cluded portions of the earlier dioceses of Mainz, Worms, Speyer, and Metz. Under Ludwig Colmar (a, v., 1802-18) was accomplished the delimitation of the diocese. On his death the diocese, which was again under German rule, was left vacant and administered by a vicar general. On the reorganization of ecclesi- astical affairs in Germany^ which resulted in the erec- tion of the Ecclesiastical Province of the Upper Rhine (c|. v.). the Diocese of Mainz was made conterminous with the Grand Duchy of Hesse, and constituted suf- fragan of this newly erected province. Joseph Vitus Burg (1830-3), appointed by Pius VIII, had taken a prominent part in the negotiations concerning the erecftion of the new province; he was. however affected by Josephism, and defended the oroinanoes (Kircken- 'pra^matik), which the Upper Rhine governments, in opposition to their earlier aeclarations, imposed on the bisnops, although they had already been condemned by Rome. Burg also entered a very feeble protest wnen the seminary, founded by Colmar, was partially suppressed and it-s theological faculty transferred to the University of Giessen. On the death of John Jacob Humann (1833-4), Peter Leopold Kaiser (1835- 48) found himself greatly hampered by government interference; while in the matter of the reopening of the seminary his action in parliament was not suffi- ciently energetic, he opposed unflinchingly the " Ger- man Catholic " movement of the followers of Ronge in his diocese, and was in his later years greatly in- fluenced by the zealous Lennig (q. v.).

On Kaiser's death the chapter chose Professor Leo- pold Schniidt of Giessen, but Rome refused to confirm the election on account of the candidate's practically indifferentist religious and philosophical views. As the chapter, dispensing with a new election, then re- ferred the selection to the Holy See, Pius IX appointed Wilhehn Emmanuel von Ketteler (q. v.) bbhop on 15 March, 1850. Ketteler's closing years were clouded by the outbreak of the Kulturkampf in Uessc (q. v.), and, after his death, the see was left vacant in consequence of the attitude of the government, the payment of the episcopal dotation was suspended in 1880 and numer- ous parishes (about one fourth) left without a pastor.