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dura, Trichinopoli, Tanjore, and Satiamangalam dia- tricts rose to 3500, that is to say 1000 of the higher castes, and 2500 pariahs. At that time there were five priests worlung on the mission. Subsequent progress was still more gratifying, for in 1680 the num- ber of converts altogether was reckoned at no less than 80,000. The numl^r of workers, however, did not in- crease in proportion; they generally amounted to seven, eight, or ten, and only as late as 1746 reached to fourteen. Among these the most successful were Fa- ther Balthasar da Costa and Manoel Martins already mentioned, Andrew Freyre, Bl. John de Britto, Fran- cis Laynes, Venance Bouchet, Peter Martin, and Fa- ther Beschi. The last named, who worked from 1711 to 1740, found himself in conflict with the Lutheran pioneers of Protestant missionary enterprise who started work at Tranquebar in 1706, and against whom he wrote several controversial works.

The expulsion of the Jesuit Order from Portuguese territory m the year 1759 put an immediate check on the supply of nussionaries, but the fathers already in the mission, bcin^ outside the Portuguese dominions, were able to contmue their work though with dimin- ishing numbers. The entire suppression of the Order in >773, however, brought the Jesuit regime to an end. Three years later (1776) a new mission of the Kamatic was established by the Holy See, under the Paris Seminary for Foreign Missions, which, taking Pondi- cherry as its centre, gradually extended its labours in- wards as far as Mysore, and to the old Madura Mission. Under the Forei^ Mission Society the remaining Jes- uit Fathers contmued to work till they gradually died out. Not much in the way of missionary work was done by the Groan clergy, who took the place of the Jesuits in certain stations, and the results previously gained were in prospect of being almost totally lost. In the year 1836 the Kamatic mission was erected into the Vicariate Apostolic of the Ck>romandel Coast; and as the Foreign Mission Society could not for want of men come to the rescue of Madura, they willingly ac- cepted the appointment of the Jesuits in the same year — the Society having been restored in 1814. In 1846 the Madura Mission was in turn made into a vi- cariate Apostolic with Mgr Alexis Canoz as its first vicar Apostolic; but the portion north of the Cauvery was retained by Pondicherry. In 1886, on the estab- lishment of the hierarchy, the Madura Vicariate was made the Diocese of Trichinopoly. In 1893 Tanjore was taken away and given to the Padroado Diocese of Mylapore. In the same year the Trichinopoly Dio- cese was finally made sufTragan to Bombay (see T^iicHiNGPOLi, Diocese op).

Bertrand. La Mission du Maiduri, 4 vols. (1847-54); Idem, LtUres des nouvelles missions du Madurf, 4 vols. (1839-47); Idem, Lettres Mifiantes et curieuses de la nouvelle Mission du MadurS, 2 vols. (1866); Saint Ctr, Lts nouveaux J ^suites d^aens VInde (1866); Writeheau, India: a Sketch of the Madura Mission (London, s. d.);' Guchkn, Cinquanle ans au Maduri, 2 vols. (1889); Launay, Histoire des Missions de VInde. 6 vols.

il898): CotTBfc, Au pays des Castes (1888); Strickland, TAe ^esuits in India (Duolin, 1852); Idem, TheGoa Schism (Dub- lin, 185.3); Strickland and Marshall, Catholic Missions in S, India (London, 1865); Suan, Monseigneur Carloz (1891); de BusBiKRE, Histoire du Schisms Portuguais dans VInde (1856).

Ernest R. Hull.

Maedoc (Moedhoo, Mogue, Aeddan Foeddog, AiDUS, Hugh), Saint, first Bishop of Ferns, in Wex- ford, b. about 558, on an island m Brackley Lough, County Cavan; d. 31 January, 626. He was the son of Sedna, a chieftain of Connaught, and of his wife, Eithne. Even in his early years the fame of his sanc- tity was widespread and, when many came to the young man and desired to become his disciples, he fled from Ireland to Wales. Here he became the pupil of St. David and is named as one of his three most faith- ful disciples. Many miracles are recorded of St. Maedoc, both in his childhood and during his sojourn in Wales. After many years he returned to Ireland "'■ '«M)anied by a band of disciples, and settled at

Brentrocht in lieinster. He foimded several monas- teries in that district, the greatest being Ferns, which was built on land given to him by Brandubh, King of Leinster. Here a synod was held, at which he was dected and consecrated bishop, about 598. St. Mae- doe of Ferns must not be confounded either with St. Madoc (or Maidoc), the son of Gildas (28 Feb.), who also lived in the sixth century and was the founder of Llanfadog in Wales; or with St. Modoc the Culdee, who lived in the third or fourth century.

Atia 88., Jan., II, 1111-20; Boasb in Diet, Christ. Biog., a. v.: KlLMADocx, St. Mogue's or St. Ninian's Island in Notes and Queries^ 8th series, IV, 421; Lives of the Cambro- British Saints, ed. Ree8 (Llandoveiy. 1853), 232>50; McGovern, St. Mogue*M or St. Nintan's Island in Notes and Queries, 8th series, V, 151-2; QrtAHTOft, Menohqu of England and Wales (London, 1887). 42; Vita Sanctorum HibemuB, cd. Pluikmer (Oxford, 1910), I» facxv-bcxviii; II, 141-03, 295-311.

Leslie A. St. L. Tokb.

Maelruan (Maolruain, Melruan, Molruan), Saint, founder and first Abbot of Tamlacht (Tallacht), in the County of Dublin, Ireland. Nothing seems to be known of .St. Maelruan before the foundation of Tam- lacht, which took place in the year 769. The church, which was dedicated to St. Michael, w^as built on land given by Donnohadh, King of Leinster. It was to this monastery that St. Aengus, the Culdee, came, during the abbacy of Maelruan and, concealing his name, served for some time at mei ^ manual work. His iden- tity, however, was revea I'^d -lirough assistance that he gave to a backward schol ir St. Maelruan sought him at once and, gently reproaching him, gave him an hon- oured place in the community. The two saints are joint authors of the " Rule of the C^lidhd D^ " (see Culdees), of which a copy is preserved in the library of the Royal Irish Academy. "It contains", says O'Curry, " a minute series of rules for the regulation of the lives of the C^lidh4 D6, their prayers, their preach- ings, their conversations, their confessions, their com- munions, their ablutions, their fastings, their absti- nences, their relaxations, their sleep, their celebrations of the Mass, and so forth". St. Maelruan is called a "Bishop and soldier of Christ" in the "Annals of Ulster, where his death is recorded under the year 791. In the "Annals of the Four Masters", however, wherein also he is styled "Bishop", his death is as- signed, probably incorrectly, to the year 787. His feast is on 7 July.

Ck>LUAN, Acta Sanctorum vetcris et maioris Scotiep (Lou vain, 1645-7); Gammack in Did. Christ. Biop.,n. v.; Healy, Insula Sanctorum et Doctorum, or Ireland's ancient Schools and Scholars (Dublin, 1890). 407-9; Laniuan, Ecclesiastical History of Ire- land, III (Dublin, 1822), 232; O'Cvrhy, Lectures on the manu- script materials of ancient Irish History (Dublin. 1861), 364, 375.

Leslie A. St. L. Toke.

Maelmbha (Ma-rui, Molroy, Errew, Summar- RUFF, also Saoart-Ruadh), Saint, abbot and martyr, founder of Abercrossan, b. 642; d. 21 April, 722. He was descended from Niall, King of Ireland, on the side of his father, Elganach. His mother, Subtan, was a niece of St. Comgall the Great, of Bangor. St. Mael- mbha was bom in the County of perry and was edu- cated at Bangor. When he was in his thirtieth year he sailed from Ireland for Scotland, with a following of monks. For two years he travelled about, chiefly in Argyll, and founded about half-a-dozen churches, then settled at Abercrossan (Applecross), in the west of Ross. Here he built his chief cnurch and monastery in the niidst of the Pictish folk, and thence he set out on missionary journeys, westward to the islands of Skye and Lewis, eastward to Forres and Keith, and northward to Loch Shinn, Durness, and Farr. It was on this last ioumey that he was martyred by Danish vikings, probably at Teampull, about nine miles up Strath-Naver from Farr, where he had built a cell. He was buried close to the River Naver, not far from his cell, and his grave is still marked by "a rough cross-marked stone". The tradition, in the "Aber- deen Breviary ", that lie was killed at Urquliart and