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at his own expense. There is a statement left among his papers showing that he expended £13,000 of his private funds for the furthering of religion and educa- tion.

His volimxinous letters reveal the master mind of the organizer and ruler, and the singleness of purpose of the great churchman. His life was a striking exam- ple of the truth that in the Catholic Church piety and patriotism go hand in hand. In the year 1840 he died in his native Scotland, whither he had gone with the hope of interesting Irish and Scotch bishops in a scheme of emigration. In 1861 his remains were brought to Kingston by Bishop Horan and were in- terred beneath the cathedral. Bishop Macdondil in 1804 found three priests and three churches in Upper Canada. By his energy and perseverance he induced a considerable immigiation to the province, and left at his death forty-eight churches attended by thirty priests. The memory that survives him is that of a great missionary, prelate, and patriot — the Apostle of Ontario.

Letters of Biehop MaedoneU: Macoonell, Reminiscencea of the Hon. and Rt. Rev. Alexander Macdonell; Kelly, Tfie Fate q[ Qlengarry; Moroak, Bioaraphiea of Celebrated Canadians; i, Pro

trime S. ThomaB ct Scoti" (Padua, l67l, 1673, 1680), 3 vols, in folio; "Scholao theologicae positivae ad. . . confutationem haereticorum" (Rome, 1664) copied in part in Roccaberti, "Bibliotheca Maxima Pontificia", XII (Rome, 1696) 221-48; "De davibus Petri '^ (Rome, 1660) partially reprinted in Roccaberti, XII. 113-37; " Controversiae selectae contra hsereticos' (Rome, 1663). "Assertor romanus ad versus calum- nias heterodoxorum Anglorum prajsertim et Scoto- rum in academiis Oxoniensi, Cantabrigiensi et Aber- doniensi" (Rome, 1667); "Tessera romana auctori- tatis pontificis ad versus buccinam ThomaB Angli" (London, 1654), also in Roccaberti, XII^ 164-220. He also took an active part in the Jansenist contro- versy, being at first inclmed to Jansenism; but after- wards he defended St. Augustine's teaching with regard to Grace in the most decided manner. "Scru- tinium divi Augustini" (London, 1644; Paris, 1648;

Hopkins, Progress of Canada,

D. R. Macdonald.

MftcDonell, Wiluam A. See Alexandria, Dio- cese OF.

McDonnell, Charles Edward. See Brooklyn, Diocese op.

McDonnell, Edmund. See O'Donnell, Edmund.

Mace. — (1) A short, richly ornamented staff, often made of silver, the upper part furnished with a knob or other head-piece and decorated with a coat of arms, usually borne before eminent ecclesiastical corpora- tions, magistrates, and academic bodies as a mark and symbol of jurisdiction.

(2) More properly, the club-shaped beaten silver stick (mazza) carried by papal mazzieri (mace-bearers), Swiss Guards (vergers), in papal chapels, at the conse- cration of bishops, and by the cursores apostolici (papal messengers). When in use the mace is carried on the right shoulder, with its head upwards. Formerly car- dinals had mace-bearers. Mazzieri, once called servi- erUes armorum, or halberdiers, were the body-guard of the pope, and mazze (dai^, virgce) date back at least to the tweltth century {virgarii in chapter xl of the Ordo of Cencius).

Die Katholische Kvche, I (Berlin, 1899). 317.

Joseph Braun.

Macedo, Francisco, known as a S. Augustino, O.F.M., theologian, b. at Coimbra, Portugal, 1596; he entered the Jesuit Order in 1610, which however he left in 1638 in order to join the Discalced Franciscans. These also he left in 1648, for the Observants. In Portugal he sided with the House of Braganza. Sum- moned to Rome by Alexander VII he taught theology at the College of the Propaganda, and afterwaras church history at the Sapienza, and as consultor to the Inquisition. At Venice in 1667, during the week beginnmg 26 Sept., he held a public disputation, against all comers, on nearly every branch of human knowledge, especially the Bible, theology, patrcdogy. history, law, literature, and poetry. He named this disputation, in his quaint and extravagant style, " Leonis Marci rugitus litterarii " (the literary roaring of the Lion of St. Mark); this obtained for him the freedom of the city of Venice and the professorship of moral philosophy at the University of Padua. He died there 1 May, 1681.

Rather restless, but a man of enormous erudition, he wrote a number of books, of which over 100 ap- peared in print, and about thirty are still imprinted. The following may be mentioned: "CoUationes doo-

centii X." (Louvain, 1655); " Commentationes du» ecclesiastico-polemicae" (Verona, 1674), concerning Vincent of Lerins and Hilarius of Aries, against whom H. Norisius wrote his *' Ad ventoria " in P. L., XL VII, 538 sq. "Medulla historiap ecclesiasticaj " (Padua, 1671); " Azy mas Eucharist icas", Ingolstadt (Venice,

), 1673, against Cardinal Giovanni Bona, and

at once placed on the Index (21 June, 1673), until it is corrected'*, which was done in the neW edi- tion (Verona, 1673). Mabillon also wrote against this. "Schema S. congregationis s. officii" (Padua, 1676).

Sbaralea., Supplem. ad Script.Ord. 3fm. (Rome, 1806), 260-3; 2nd ed. (Rome, 1908), I, 276-9; Joh. de S. Antonio, BibL univ. francuHc.t I (Madrid, 1732), 362; Nickron, Mim. pour servir a Vhist. des homines Ulust., XaI, 317, 333; Hurter, Nomenclator; Sommervogel, Bibl. de la c. de J., V, 244 sq.

Michael Bihl.

Macedo, Josfc Aqostinho de (1761-1831), Portu- guese controversialist, preacher, and poet, was bom at Beja and educated by the Oratorians. Entering the Augustinian Order, he made his profession in 1778, but lived in perpetual strife with his superiors and finally abandoned the monastic life and habit. In 1792 he was unfrocked, but appealed against the sentence and obtained a papal Brief which secularized him and con- served his ecclesiastical status. He now laid the foun- dations of a vast though superficial learning, while, as a means of livelihood, he devoted himself to writing and preaching. He founded, or contributed to, a large number of newspapers and in these, and in politioal

gamphlets, defended the absolute monarchy and the hurch against liberaUsm in politics and religion, though he changed his views more than once in accord- ance with his interests or sympathies. His fiery seal was equalled bjr a brilliancy of invective and mordant satire which gained him bitter foes and warm admir- ers. From 1824 to 1829 he served as diocesan censor and his critical analyses of the books submitted to him reveal his versatility, though this, and his fecundity, are best seen by the catalogue of his writings which occupies thirty pages in Vol. 4 of the "Diccionario Bibliographico" of Innocencio da Silva. As early as 1802 he Decame one of the royal preachers and his sonorous voice and discourses seasoned by political allusions made him the most popular pulpit orator of the daj^. He introduced didactic poetry into Portu- gal, writing rhetorical poems devoid of inspiration, ana sought to rival CamoSns by a lifeless epic " Ori- ente".

In that decadent period Macedo was able to en- throne himself as dictator of letters, but this involved him in numerous literary duels with rival bards whom he chastised in " Os Burros ", the most libellous poem in the language. His political and erotic odes reach. «^ high level, but he gave thft b«^\ftw&. ^\sax'»x^'''«!S^i^