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 LYONS

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LYONS

were always inclined to side with the commune; after the siege of Lyons by Louis X (1310) the treaty of 10 April, 1312, definitively attached Lyons to the King- dom of France, but, until the beginning of the fif teenm century the Church of Lyons was allowed to coin its own money.

If the thirteenth century had imperilled the politi- cal sovereignty of the archbishops, it had on the other hand made Lyons a kind of second Rome. Gregory X was a former canon of Lyons, while Innocent V, as Peter of Tarantaise, was Archbishop of Lyons from 1272 to 1273. The violence of the Hohenstai^en to- wards the Holy See forced Innocent IV and Gregory X to seek refuge at Lyons and to hold there two general councils (see Lyons, Councils of). A free and inde- pendent city of the Kingdom of France as well as of the Holy Empire, located in a central position between Italy, Spain, France, England, and Germany, Lyons possessed in the thirteenth century important monas- teries which naturally sheltered distingiiished guests and their numerous followers. For several years Innocent IV dwelt there with his court in the buildings of the chapter of Saint Justus. Local tradition re- lates that it was on seeing the red hat of the canons of Lyons that the courtiers of Innocent IV conceived the idea of obtaining from the Council of Lyons its decree that the cardinals should henceforth wear red hats. The sojourn of Innocent IV at Lyons was marked by numerous works of public utility, to which the pope gave vigorous encouragement. He granted indul- gences to the faithful who should assist in the con- struction of the bridge over the Rhdne, replacing that destroyed about llOO by the passage of the troops of Richard Coeur de Lion on their way to the Crusade. The building of the churches of St. John and St. Justus was pushed forward with activity; he sent dele- gates even to England to solicit alms for this purpose and he consecrated the hieh altar in both churches. At Lyons were crowned Cfement V (1305) and John XXII (1310); at Lyons in 1449 the antipoi)e Felix V renounced' the tiara; there, too, was held in 1512, without any definite conclusion, the last session of tiie schismatical Council of Fisa against Julius II. In 1560 the Calvinists took Lyons by sur- prise, but the)r were driven out by Antoine d^bon, Abbot of Savigny and later Archbishop of Ly^ons. Again masters of Lyons in 1562 they were driven thence by the Mar^cnaJ de Vieuville. At the command of the famous Baron des Adrets they committed numerous acts of violence in the region of Montbrison. It was at Lyons that Henry IV, the converted Cal- vinist king, married Marie de Medicis (9 December, 1600).

The principal Archbishops of Lyons during the modern perioa were: Guy III d'Auverene, Cardinal de Bologne (1340-1342), who as a diplomat rendered great service to the Holy See; Cardinal Jean de Lor- raine (1537-1539); Hippolyte d'Este, Cardinal of Ferrara (1539-1550), whom Francis I named protec- tor of the crown of France at the court of Paul III, and a patron of scholars; Cardinal Francois de Toumon (1550-1562), who negotiated several times between Francis I and Charles V, combated the Reformation and founded the College de Toumon, which the Jesuits later made one of the most celebrated educa- tional establishments of the kingdom; Antoine d'Al- bon (1562-1574), editor of Ruiinus and Ausonius; Pierre d'Epinac (1573-1599), active auxiliary of the League; Cardinal Alphonse Louis du Plessis de Riche- lieu (1628-1653), brother of the minister of Louis XIII; Cardinal de Tencin (1740-1758); Antoine de Mon- tazet (1758-1788), a prelate of Jansenist tendencies, whose liturgical works will be referred to later, and who had piiblishcd for his seminary by the Oratorian Joseph Valla, six volumes of " Institutiones theolo- gicai ' known as **Th6ologie de Lyon", and spread throughout Italy by Scipio Ricci until condemned by

the Index in 1792; Marbeuf (1788-1799), who died in exile at Ltibeck in 1799 and whose vicar-general Castillon was beheaded at Lyons in 1794; ^toine Adrien Lamourette (1742-1794), deputy to the Con- stitutional Assembly, who brought about by a curious speech (7 July, 1792) an understanding between all parties, to which was given the jesting name of ** Rai- ser Lamourette", and who was constitutional Bishop of Lyons from 27 March, 1791, to 11 January, 1794, the date of his death on the scaffold. Among the arch- Inshops subsequent to the Concordat must be men- tionea: Joseph Fesch (q. v.) under whose episco- pate Pius VII twice visited Lyons, in Nov., 1804, and April, 1805, and in 1822 the Society for the Propaga- tion of the Faith was founded; Maurice de Bonald (184(>-1870),8on of the philosopher; Ginoulhiac (1870- 1875), known by his " Histoire du dogme catholique pendant les trois premiers sidcles *\

Chapters and Colleges. — At the end of the old regime the pnmatial chapter consisted of 32 canons, each able to prove 32 degrees of miUtary nobihty; each of these canons bore the title of Count of Lyons. The Chapter of Lyons has the honour of numbering amon^ its canons four popes (Innocent IV, Gregory X, Boniface VIII, and Clement V), 20 cardinals, 20 archbishops, more than 80 bishops, and finally 3 persons of officially recognised sanctity, St. Ismidon of Sassenage, later Bisl^p of Die (d. about 1116), Blessed Louis Aleman (q. V.) and Blessed Frangois d'Estaing, later Bishop of liodez (d. in 1501). The city of Lyons numbered 5 collegiate churches and the diocese 14 others. There were 4 chapters of noble canonesses. The Jesuits had at Lyons the Collie de la Trinity, founded in 1527 by a lay confraternity which ceded it to them in 1565, the Colfege Notre Dame, foimded in 1630, a house of pro- bation, a professed nouse, and other colleges in the diocese. Convents were perhaps more numerous here than in any other part of France. The Petites Ecoles founded in 1670 by D4mia, a priest of Bourg, contrib- uted much to primary instruction at Lyons. Since the law of 1875 concerning higher education Lyons pos- sesses Catholic faculties of theology, letters, sciences, and law.

Principal Saints. — The Diocese of Lyons honours as saints: St. Epipodius and his companion St. Alexan- der, probably martyrs under Marcus Aurelius; the priest St. Pere^nus (third century); St. Baldonor (Galmier), a native of Aveizieux, at first a locksmith, whose piety was remarked by the bishop, St. Viven- tiolus; ne became a cleric at the Abbey of St. Justus, then subdeacon, and died about 760; the thermal re- sort of "AqufiB Segest» *\ in whose church Viven^iolus met him, has taken the name of St. Galmier; St. Via- tor (d. about 390), who followed the Bishop, St. Jus- tus, to the Thebaid; Sts. Romanus and Lupicinus (fifth century), natives of the Diocese of Lyons who lived as solitaries within the present territory of the Diocese of St. Claude; St. Consortia, d. about 578, who according to a l^end, criticized by Tillemont, was a daughter of St. Eucherius; St. Rambert, soldier and martyr in the seventh centurj', patron of the town of the same name; Blessed Jean Pierre N^l, b. in 1832 at Ste Catherine sur Riverie, martyred at Kay-Tcheou in 1862.

Among the natives of Lyons must be mentioned Sidonius Apollinaris (430-489); Abb^ Morellet, ht- terateur (1727-1819); the Christian philosopher Bal- lanohe (1776-1847); the religious painter nippolyte Flandrin (1809-1864); Puvis de Chavannes, painter of the hfe of Ste Genevieve (1824-1898). The diocese of Lyons is also the birthplace of the Jesuit P^rc Coton (1564-1626), confessor of Henry IV and a native of Ndronde, and Abbd Terray, controller general of fi- nance under Louis XVI, a native of Boen (1715- 1778). Gerson, whose old age was spent at Lyons in the cloister of St. Paul, where he instructed poor chil- dren, died there in 1429. St, Francis de Sales died at