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 LUXKBDURO

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LUZEBSBURO

hered to the union, and ^as nicknamed " the Latin '* by the Moscow Ortnodox Greeks. Then followed sev- eral metropoUtans who renounced the union and ad- hered to the schism, until the time of Michael Ragosa (1588-1599), who took a definite stand for union with Rome, and who signed the act of union of 2 December. 1 594, addressed to the Holy See. It was consummatea the following year, and the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church thus constituted has ever since been in union with Rome. Then follows a line of Catholic metropoli- tans of Kieff of the Greek Rite: Hypatius (1600- 1613), Joseph IV (1614-1637), and Raphael (1637- 1641). Then came the great champion of Russian Orthodoxy, the Metropolitan Peter Mogila, who f ou^t the union and turned the Russians awa]^ from the Holy See, and who strove to undo the entire work of the united Churches. His task was finally acoomr plished within the confines of Russia by his successors after the annexation of Kieff in 1667 to the Russian Empire by means of the successive forced " reunions" of the Greek Catholics to the Russian Orthodox Church (see Russia). The city of Kieff (250,000 in- habitants) is beautifully situated upon the River Dnieper, and is divided naturally and historically into three parts: Petchersk^ or the city of the grotto-caves; Podol, or the plain, which is now the commercial part; and Staro-KieflF, or old KiefT, upon the heights over- looking the river. The early monks who brought Christianity to Kieff were hermits dwelling in the caves on the hill-sides. Subsequent! v these ¥rere en- larged and others were made, like the catacombs at Rome. The great Petchersky monasterv is situated above one of the series of caves, while the church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross stands above the entrance to the grottoes of St. Anthony, which are a series of catacombs dating back to 1100, when the monk Anthony came from Mount Athos to Kieff. In these catacombs the remains of the monks are en- shrined, and there are numerous altars on which Mass according to the Greek Rite is said every day. The grottoes of St. Theodosius are somewhat similar. On a hill fronting the Dnieper is a huge bronze statue of St. Vladimir, who brought Christianity to his subjects at Kieff. The cathedral of St. Sophia, built in 1037 by Jaroslav, is a building remarkable for its mosaics and ancient frescoes in the Byzantine style, some of which date back to the eleventh century. As a counterfoil to this there is the cathedral of St. Vladimir, built at the end of the nineteenth centuiy, containing a mag- nificent interior riohlv decorated m the modern Russo- Greek style by the best Russian artists. There are two Roman Catholic churches and one Greek Catholic church in Kieff.

Kamcnetz, usually called Kamenetz-Podolski to dis- tinguish it from Kamenetz-Litevsk, is the capital of the Government of Podolia and lies in a beautiful situation upon the River Smotrich near the extreme western border of the Russian Empire, only a few miles from the Austrian frontier. It goes back to the thirteenth century. 1 1 grew to considerable importance under the Polish conquest. The Turks held it for twenty-seven years, but the Poles recaptured it in 1699. It was annexed to Russia at the Second Parti- tion of Poland in 1793. Kamenctz is mentioned to- gether with Kieff as a Latin bishopric in 1373. The first Bishop of Kamenetz was Wiluam, a Dominican (1375), and the second was Roskosius (1398). Alex- ander, Bishop of Kamenetz (1411), and his successor Zbigniew (1413) promoted the idea of union with the Greeks. Dominicans and Franciscans comprised the principal Latin clergy of the time, and in the follow- mg century the Jesmts were also introduced. When the Latin hierarchv was re-established in Russia by Pius VI in December, 1798, Kamenetz was made a separate diocese, comprising the whole of Podolia. In that same year it was also created an Orthodox see by t^e Russian Government, unditr the title of Podo- IX.— 30

lia and Bratslav. In 1815 it was placed under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Lutzk and Zhitomir, and on 3 June, 1866, it was entirely abolished as a separate diocese, and annexed directly to Lutzk and Zhitomir. The city of Kamenetz itself has about 45,000 inhabi- tants, of whom one-fifth are Catholics. The statistics for the annexed diocese of Kamenetz (1909) are: Catholics, 317,235 (Orthodox, 2,359,630); secular priests. 111, regulars, 3; parish churches^ 96. In the whole of the three united dioceses the religious orders have been killed off by the simple process of not allowing any new candidates to enter, while the secular priesthood thrives with extreme difficulty because only natives and Russian subjects are permitted to enter the seminary or to take charge of parishes. Catholic schools and charitable institutions are prac- tically non-existent, owing to the restrictions of the Russian authorities.

RoHRBACHER, Htstotre Univeraelle de VEglxM (I^ons, 1872), XI, XII; Peless, QeaehidOe der Union, I (Vienna, 1878); ToLflToi, Romaniam in Rtuaia (London, 1874). very anti-Catb- olic; Pravo^vniya Encyclopedia, X (St. Peteraburg, 1909); Lescceur, UBgliw Catholiqtte et le Gouvemement Ruaw (Para, 1903); Urban. SUUyaka katolicytmu v> panatwie romvAim (Krakow, 1906); Battanoier, Annuaire PonUfieaU (Paris,

1®10). Andrew J. Shifman.

Luxemburg, the small renmant of the old duchv of this name and since 11 May, 1867, an independent neutral grand duchy, comprising 998 so. miles of territory, lying principally between 49* 27' and 5(y 12' N. lat., and 5<> 45' and 6*» 32' E. long. It is bounded by Belgium on the west, Prussia on the east, Lorraine and (for a short distance) France on the south. It is well wooded, having over 190 sq. miles of forest, and well watered (Mosefle, Sure, Our, and Alzett, the first two being navigable to a greater or less extent); it is situated at an elevation of about 1000 feet above the sea level, is mountainous and possesses a temper- ate healthy climate. The arable lands, including al- most half the country, vield abundant crops of grain, and splendid pastures feed niuncrous herds of cattle and horses. The vine produces annually more than 1,300,000 gallons of wine and the fruit harvest is no less generous. There is an inexhaustible supply of fine building-stone. Especially important are the exten- sive beds of excellent iron ore (10,000 acres), which are extensively worked. Trades and industries flourish, thanks to the fine network of roads and railways. The population, which numbers about 250,000 souls, is almost entirely of Germanic origin and a dialect is in use which sugjgesta the German of the Palatinate. In one or two oustricts onlv WaUoon is spoken. In administration and justice, French predominates. In the churches and schools, sermons and instructions are given in High German.

Amiost all of Luxemburg is Catholic. Only in the capital citv and in the industrial centres (Esoh, Dudehngen, uififerdingen, Rodingen, Rimmelingen) there are Protestant communities whose entire mem- bership scarcely numbers 3000. Nevertheless they enjoy the same rights as the hundred-times more numerous native inhabitants. Of Jews there are only about 1200, but their number is increasing. The Catholics have had a bishop of their ovm to preside over them since 1870 (officially recognized in 1873). Orif^inall^^ Luxemburg belonged to various sees (Tner, Li^ge, Metz, Kieims, Verdun, (IJologne), from 1795 to 1801 it belonged to Mctz, then to Namur. From 1840-70 it was a vicariate Apostolic; in that year it was raised to the dignity of a bishopric, the first bishop being Nicholas Adames. Since 1883 his suc- cessor Joseph Koppes has been assisted by a chapter of nine dignitaries (cathedral provost and eight canons) in the administration of the diocese. The former Jesuit church of Our Blessed Lady in the city of Luxemburg is the present cathedral. Parochial duties are performed by 260 priests with 2(X) additional cha^^ laina asaisted by regulac cUt^ ^ ^s&^c^s&^i ^^^t^^ssc^^.