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kfl^ (960-1014) and his son Canute (Knud) tho Great owing to the new ecclesiastical autonomy and inde^ (1014-1035) that Christianity made any headway in pendence of the Scandinavian countries, formeriy Denmark. They reiifned over England also, hence under the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen. By the growing English mfluence in reli^on, education, several papal Bulls missionary work m the heathen and conmierce. Svend obtained English missionaries North had been originally assigned to the Archbishop for Skaane, among them was Gotebald(d. about 1021), of Hamburg-Bremen, also the jurisdiction over those first Bishop of Roskilde. Besides other religious countries when converted to Christianity. Later, houses and monasteries in Denmark Svend erected however, several sees were created in Denmark which also the first church in Lund, and dedicated it to the had already endeavoured to estabhsh a direct union Blessed Trinity. During his reign the See of Odense with Rome and to do away with a foreign and trouble- was established on the Island of FOnen (988). some intermediary authority. This was all the more Canute did still more for the Scandinavian countries, reasonable from the moment that the Bremen prel- especially for the development of Lund; he encouraj^ed ates^ as worldly princes, began tc be occupied with industries and trade and erected at Lund the ^rst affau^ of State to the neglect of their duties as spir- mint in Scandinavia. Perhaps Adam of Bremen was itual shepherds. They undertook to consecrate their right when he said: "Cuius (sc. Sconise) metropolis dependent suffragan bishops, or at least reserved to civitasLundonaquam victor AngliaeChnudBritannicae themselves the right of ratification of those bishops Londonse aemulam jussit esse" (Pertz, "Monum. when named bv the king.

Germ.", VII, 371), i. e.. Canute desired to make Scan- For Denmark the danger wa^ imminent that the pow-

dinavian Lund the rival of English London. At least he erful Bremen Metropolitan might misuse his influence

laid the foundation for the growing importance of Lund and by interference in the internal affairs of the coim-

as the medieval metropolis of Scandinavia. In later try endanger its political Uberty and independence,

centuries Lund was a^ain a royal residence and even Canute had already planned the establishment of

more important than Koskilde and Ringsted. Canute a Scandinavian church province; but it was only

VI celebrated at Lund in 1 1 77 his marriage with Ilenrj' under his successor Svend Estridaen (" cuius industria

the Lion's daughter, Gertrude of Saxony; Waldemar Dania in octo eniscopatus divisa est"^ Langebek,

the Victorious was crowned there in 1202 and it was "Script, rer. dan. '. Ill, 444) that negotiations were

there in 1409 that took place the marriage between begun at Rome. Adalbert of Bremen opposed the in-

Eric of Pomerania and Philippa of England. Soon dependence of these northern sees, except on condition

alsoit became a place of great ecclesiastical importance, that his own metropolitan see were promoted to the

. The first Bishop of Lund was Bernard, who had Ixjcn dignity of a patriarchate over the whole North. After for five years in Iceland and was sent by Canute to the death of Adalbert (1072) his successor Liemar Lund in 1022. Canute also filled other sees in Den- sided with Henry IV in the Investitures conflict and mark with men who had been consecrated bishops in Gregory VII invited Iving Svend to resume the former England, in violation of the right of the Metropolitan negotiations. Svend died^ however, about 1075 and of Uambui^; therefore when Gerbrand, consecrated the Northern Church question rested for some time till Bishop of Roskilde at Canterbury, repaired- to Den- EricEjegod,thesecondsucoessorofSt.Canute, tookup mark, he was seized by Archbishop Unvan of Ham- the affair anew and brought it to a close. Apparently, burg-Bremen and set free only on submitting to tho at the Svnod of Bari in which Anselm of Canterbury archbishop as his metropolitan (1022). The king now also took part, Eric obtained from LJrban II two re- saw that he was oblige<l to recognize the privileges of quests: the establishment of an archbishopric, and the the Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen, and in this he canonization of his brother Canute. Under Paschal was followed by the Kings of Sweden and Norway. II (1100) the efforts of Eric were crowned with suc- Adam of Bremen concluded from this that the su- oess, and the canonization of Canute was solemnized premacy of the See of Hamburg was respected as a in Odense, all the bishops of the country being pres- matter of fact in all Scandinavian countries; every ent. Shortly after this Eric died in the Island of Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian bishop, he says, was C3rprus (1103), while on a pilgrimage to the Holy obliged to report to Archbishop Libentius II (1020- liand. At the same time Cardinal Alberich repaired 32) the progress of Christianity in their respective to Denmark as papal legate to select an appropriate countries (Pertz, "Monum. Germ.", VII, 328). see for the new metropolitan. His choice fell on Lund, Lund, however, was not properly a see until Svend and the local bishop, Asger (Adzer), a friend of Anselm Estridsen^ the successor of Canute, separated Skaane of Canterbury^ receivetl the pallium and the archi- ecclesiastically from Roskilde (1048) and created two episcopal dignity (1104). In this way the Northern sees, liund and Dalby. After the death of the un- Cnurcn was freed from its dependence on Bremen- worthy bishop, Henry of Lund, Dalby and Lund were Hamburg. Adalbero of Bremen, after the Concordat united (1060) but there still remained at Dalby a col- of Worms (1128), was very anxious to revive the old lege of reguLir canons with a provost. The Province metropolitan rights in their plenitude, and for this of Skaane must have numl)ered at that time about purpose did not shrink from forging papal Bulls. three himdred churches (Pertz, " Monum. Germ.", VII, iSnperor Lothair III, in the hope ot gaining politi- 370). The building of a new stone cathedral which callv by the civil war which in the meanwhile had was to he dedicated to St. Lawrence was zealouslv broken out inDenmark, supported at Rome Ada Ibero's f urthered by the saint Iv King Canute (1086). Through request. In fact Innocent II restored the authority richly endowed foundations he sought to maintain of the Archbishop of Bremen over all the northern God's service worthily, and can therefore rightlv be sees, as is shown by several contemporary letters to called the founder of the cathedral. His deed of gift Adalbero, to Archbishop Asger, and to the Kings of for this (21 May, 1085) was done apparentlv on the Sweden and Denmark. Asger, however, held fast to occasion of the consecration of the church and is liis rights, encouraged by his nephew Eskil, then the oldest extant Danish royal deed on record in the provost of the cathedral of Lund, w-ho sent Hermann, original. a canon of Lund, and a Rhinelander, to Rome where Later donations were so numerous that the cathe- he defended successfully the rights of the Metronolitun dral became the richest church in the North. Lund of Lund guaranteed fully to him thirty years Wf ore. was also the foremost-, though one of the most re- This ended for all time tlie ambitious plans of doniina- cent, sees in the Scandinavian Church, only Viborg tion long cherished by the Prelate of Bremen; the and BOrglum in Jutland being later foundations lofty dream of a Patriarchate of the North toppled; (1065). (Contemporaneously there ))epan for Den- even the authority of a Frederick Ha rbarossa (U/iS) mark ;jjj epoch of great prosperity, which is still the could not revive it. Later Hermann became Bishop of

natlonuJ pride. This prosperous development was Schleswig; he is buried in the crypt of the cathedral at