Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 9.djvu/472

 LUMBCt

431

Linu

(The Deacon Severus made this double oubiculum, with its arcosoli^ and luminare by order of his Pope Blaroellinus as a quiet abode in peace for himself and his family.) Pope Maroellinus hved from a. d. 206 to 308, and we may be fairly sure that the date of this construction preceded the Diocletian persecution of 303. Again, m the crypt of St. Eusebius in the same Cemetery ot Callistus was discovered an inscriptioa in these terms: —

Fortunius et Matrona se vivis fecerunt bisomiun ad luminare

(Fortunius and Matrona constructed this double tomb for themselves in their lifetime beside the light- shaft). This is how De Rossi (Roma Sotterranea, II, 162; Illy 109) reads the lettering on the broken slab, and, though several of the other words are wanting and are supplied by him conjecturally, the lasty vis., luminare, is perfectly unmistakable.

The majonty of the luminaria as we find them exist- ing in the Catacombs to-day were constructed after the age of persecution was over, during the course of the fourth and early fifth century, when the tide of devotion still set strongly towards the Catacombs as the favourite burying-places of the Christian popula- tion of the city, but tnere were also other luminaria of earlier date. ^ Occasionally the Acts of the Martyrs speak of poor victims being thrown down these aper- tures and stoned by the pagans. (See Acts of Marcel- Unus and Petrus in A. SS., 2 June, n. 10.) At the later period the existence of a large and well-constructed light^hafi constitutes a tolerably safe presumption that the chamber into which it opened contained the last resting-place of martyrs specially honoured by popular de votion. The fact that these tombs attracted a concourse of people made it desirable, when the need for secrecy had passed away, that more provision should be made for lighting the chamber. A large shaft was accordingly constructed communicating with the outer air, and a certain amoimt of decoration in the way of frescoes was often applied to it internally. On the other hand these orifices upon the surface of the ground, unless they were protected by a pampet and constantly looked after, became the channels by which soil and rubbish of all kinds were washed into the chambers below. In some cases this accumulation of earth and sand has protected and hidden that por- tion of the catacomb which' is verticalljr underneath and thus rescued many precious memorials from the ill-considered attentions, or outrages, of earlier ex- plorers. De Rossi (Rom. Sott., Ill, 423) has left an interesting account of his patient opening-up of the luminare which was the only means of access to the original burial-chamber of St. Cecilia. Often, again, when churches were built over portions of the 6ita- combs, as in the time of Pope Damasus or earlier, it would seem that a sort of luminare or fenestra was made, through which it was possible for the devout worshippers in the church above to look down into the crypt where the martyr was buried. A story told by St. Gregory of Tours about the crypt of Sts. Chry- santhiis and Darius (De Glor. Mart., 37) seems dearly to illustrate some such arrangement.

(The Crypt of St. Cecilia, with its large luniinare, will be found figured among the illustrations in the article Catacombs, Roman.)

De Waal in Kraus. Real Encyclovadie, XI (Freibuxg, 1886), 345-^7; Maruochi. EUmenU d: ArctUologU, II (Rome, 1002), 158 aad pasnim: North cote and Brownlow, Roma Softer' ranea, I (2Qd ed., London, 1870), 0-10, 340-350 and passim: De Rossi, Roma Sotterranea, III (Rome, 1876), 423 sq. And of. bibliography to the arUcles Cemeteries; Catacoicbs.

Herbert Thurston.

Luxnmi Indians (abbreviated from Nuglummi, about equivalent to "people", the name iised by themselves), the principal one of more than twenty small Salishan tribes originally holding the lower shores, islands, and eastern nintcrliuid of Puget Sound,

Waahinston; bv the Treaty of Pomt Elliott (1855), gathered upon nve reservations within the same terri- tory under the Jurisdiction of Tulalip Agency. The Lummi occupied several villages about the mouth of Lummi river, Whatcom County. Their lan^ajge is the same as that spoken, with dialectic vanations, by the Samish and Klalam to the south, the Semiamu on the north, in British Columbia, and the Songiah, Sanetch, and Sooke of Vancouver Island, B. C. To- gether with the other tribes of the Tulalip Agency, they have been entirely Christianized througn the labours of the Rev. Casimir Chirouse and later Oblatee beginning about 1850. In 1909 the Indians upon the Lummi reservation, including several smaller bands, numbered altogether 435 souls, a decrease of one* half in forty years. (See Tulalip.)

James Moonst.

Lumper, Gottfried, Benedictine patristic writer, b. 6 Feb., 1747, at Fussen in Bavaria; d. 8 March, 1800 (Hefele says 1801), at the Abbey of St. Geoi^ge at Bil- lingcn in the Black Forest. At an early age he com- menced his education at the abbey school, received in the course of time the habit of the order, made his solemn profession in 1764, and was ordained priest in 1771. After this he never left the monastery except for occasional assistance in the sacred ministry. He was appointed director of the gymnasium, and pro- fessor of church history and dogmatic theology. Later he was made prior of his monastery. He was a man of irreproachable character, whom nothing could move from the path of duty, and at the same time possessed profound learning and untiring diligence. All his spare time he employed in the study of early Chris- tian literature, and Catholic Cermany owes him grate- ful remembrance esi^ecially for his great work, ^'His- toria theologico-eritica de vita, scriptis atque doo- trina SS. Pat rum alionimciue scriptorum eccl. trium priorum sseculorum ", whicn he published in thirteen volumes at Augsburg between 1783 and 1789. Of less importance are his smaller works: A translation of rum " of Matthew SchrOckh, of which two editions ap- peared at Augsburg in 1788 and 1790; also the two works in German, *'Die r5misch-kath. hi. Messe in dcutscher Sprache ".with various additional prayere (Ulm, 1784), and "Der Christ in der Fasten, d. L die Fasten-Evangelia nach dem Buchstaben und sitt- lichen Sinne ''^(Ulm, 1 786). He also gave valuable as- sistance in the publication of the periodical "Nova
 * Historia religionis in usum prtelectioniun catholica-

Bibliotheoa Eccl. Friburgensis ".

KlCpfbl, Nearotog, aodal. et amtc, Ut. (Freibuiv, 1809), p. 250; AUgem, deuL Bioff.. XIX, 835; Hbfelb in Kircherdex^ B. v.; HusTER, NomencUUor, III (Innsbruck, 1895), 341.

FnANas Mebshman.

Luna, Pedro de, antipope under the name of Benedict XIII, b. at Illueca, Ara^on, 1328; d. at the Pefiiscola, near Valencia, Spain, either 29 Nov., 1422, or 23 May, 1423. He was elected 28 Sept., 1394, deposed at the Council of Constance 26 July, 1417. Pedro Martini bdonged to the family of de Luna; he studied law at Montpellier, where he obtained his doctor^s degree, and later taught canon law at that university. On 30 Dec., 1375, Gregory XI made him cardinal deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin. The pope was attracted to him by his noble lineage, his austere life, and great learning, as well as by his untiring energy and great prudence. Cardinal Pedro de Luna returned to Rome with Gregory XI, after whose death in 1378 he took part in the conclave which was at- tacked by the Romans, and which elected Urban VI, for whom he voted. He showed great coiu^e at the unexpected attack upon the coneLave, and would not take flight, declaring "Even if I must die, I will fall here". He was among the first cardinals to return to the Vatican on 9 April, in order to continue the eleo* tion of Urban VI. At first be d\&^A»R«c5 vs^^^^^v^^^^n