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 LUOERA

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LUOSRNE

ish him. In 1799 Lucca was joiucd to the Cu>aipiue Republic. In 1805 Xapoleon made it a dukedom for his cousin Felice Bacciochi. In 1814 it was occupied by the Neapolitans, and later by the Austrians. In 1817 it was given to Maria Luisa, widow of the King of Etniiia, whose son Carlo Ludovico ceded it to Tus- cany in 1847. Illustrious citizens of Lucca were Pope Lucius III (Allucingoli) ; the jurist, Bonagiunta Ur- bidani (thirteenth century); the physician, Teodoro Borgognoni; the historian, Tolomeo de' Fiadoni; the women poets, Laura Guidiccioni and Chiara Matraini; the philologist, L. Fomaciari (nineteenth century); the painters, Berlinghieri and Orlandi (thirteenth century); the sculptor, Matteo Civitali (first half of the fifteenth century).

There is a legend that the Gospel was preached at Lucca by St. Paulinus, a disciple of St. Peter, and the discovery in 1197 of a stone, recording the deposition of the relics of Paulinus a holy martyr, apparently con- firmed this pious belief. On the stone, nowever, St. Paulinus is not called Bishop of Lucca, nor is there any allusion to his having lived in Apostolic times ("Ana- lecta Bollandiana ", 1904, p. 491; 1905, p. 502). The first bishop of certain date is Maximus, present at the Council of Sardica (343). At the Council of Rimini (369), Paulinus, Bishop of Lucca, was present. Per- haps the above-mentioned legend arose through a repetition of this Paulinus. Remarkable for sanctitv ami miracles was St. Fridianus (560-88), son of Ul- tonius. King of Ireland, or perhaps of a king of Ulster (Ultonia), of whom in his "Dialogues" (IIL 10) St. Grejgory the Great relates a miracle. On St. Fridianus see Colgan. "Acta Sanct. Scot.", I (1645), 633-51; "Diet. Christ. Biog.", s. v.; Fanucchi, "Vita di San Frediano" (Lucca, 1870); O'Hanlon, "Lives of Irish Saints", under 18 Nov.; "Analecta BoUand.", XI (1892) 262-3, and " Bolland. Bibl. hagiogr. lat."(1899), 476. In 739, during the episcopate of Walprandus, Richard, King of the Angles and father of Saints Willibald, Wunibald, and Walburga, died at Luocaand was buried in the church of S. Frediano. Under Blessed Giovanni (787) it is said the Volto Santo was brought to Lucca. Other bishops were Anselmo Badagio (1073), later Pope Alexander II, who was succeeded as bishop by his nephew Anselm of Lucca, a noted writer; Apusio (1227), under whom Lucca was deprived of its episcopal see for six years by Gregory Ia; the Franciscan Giovanni Salvuzzi (1383), who built the episcopal palace; Nicold Guinigi (1394), ex- iled by his relative Paolo Guinigi, Lord of Lucca. In 140S Gregory XII went to Lucca to come to a personal agreement with the anti-pope, Benedict XIII, and was there abandoned by nis cardinals. Worthy of moition also are the writer, Felino Maria Sandeo (1499), nephew of Ariosto; Cardinals Sisto della Kovere (1508), Francesco Sforza Riario (1517), and Bnrtolommeo Guidiccioni (1605), under the last- named of whom the Diocese of San Miniato was formed and separated from Lucca; Cardinal Girolamo Bon- visi (1657); Bernardino Guinigi (1723), the first arch- bishop (1726); the learned Gian Domenico Mansi (176^9) ; and finally the present cardinal archbishop, B^iedetto Lorenzelli (1904), last nuncio to Paris l)e- fore the separation. The Archdiocese of Lucca lias no

suffragans; it has 246 parishes with 230.000 souls.

Mansi, Diaric aacn ddla Ckieta di Lucra (Venice, 1753); Tmihaai. Sommario deUa ttoria di Lucca (1847): Cappellktti, U Chi€M d' Italia, XV (Venice, 1857). See. for further bibiiog- imphy, Chevauer, Tcpo-hM., 8. v. Lucquea.

U. Benigni.

Lneera, Diocese of (Lucerinensis). — Lucera is a very ancient city in the province of Foggia in Apulia, Southern Italy. It originally belong^ to Daunia. In 320 B. c. it was taken by the Romans, n Roman odony being established there in 314. The Samnites defeated the Romans near Lucera in 294. During the w&rffetween Coisarnm] Pompey it was an important

point of defence for the latter. In a. d. G6J it was captured from the Lombards and destroyed by Con- stantius II. Lucera attained great importance when Frederick II transferred thither the Saracens of Sicily whom he had shortly before subjugated, and who from enemies became his most faithful and trusted support- ers in his wars against the popes and the great barons of the Kingdom of Naples. The royal treasury' was also located at Lucera. During the invasion of Charles of Anjou Lucera made the longest resistance. The re- maining Saracens were converted at masse in 1300; their mosque was destroyed by Charles II, and upon its ruins arose the present cathedral, S. Maria della Vittoria. Local tradition traces the origin of the episcopal see to the third century (St. Bassus). The first historically certain bishop is Marcus (c. 743). Among other noteworthy bishops were Nicold, papal legate at Constantinople in 1261; the Dominican A^ostino Gasotti (1318), formerly Archbishop of Zaga- bria; Tonmiaso de Acemo (1378), author of "De creatione Urbani VI opusculum"; Scipione Bozzuti (1582), killed in a sack of the city by some exiles in 1591. In 1391 the Diocese of Lucera was increased by the addition of that of Farentino, or Castelfiorentino, a city founded in 1015 by the Byzantine catapan, Basileios. It was the place of Frederick II's death. After 1409 the See of Tortiboli (Tortibulum) created before 1236, was united to Lucera. Finally in 1818, the united Diocese of Montecorvino and Vulturaria were added to Lucera. Montecorvino became an episcopal see in the tenth century, and among its bishops was St. Albert (d. 5 April, 1(K^7). Its union with Vulturaria, a town now almost deserted, took place in 1433. Noteworthy among the later bishops was Alessandro Gerardini d'AnicIia (1496), a Latm poet, authorof many historical, educational, and moral works, and one of the cJiief supporters of the expedi- tion of Columbus; in 1515 he was transferred to San Domingo in America, where he died in 1521. The Diocese of Lucera has 17 parishes with 75,000 souls; 4 religious houses of men and 6 of women ; 1 school for boys and 3 for girls. In March, 1908, the Diocese of Troia was united with Lucera. It was established in the eleventh century, and has 9 parishes with 26,200 souls, one Franciscan convent, and three houses of monks.

Cappelletti, Le Chiene d^ Italia, XIX (Venice, 1867); d'Ameu, Storia della citih di Lucera (1861).

U. Benigni.

Lucerne, chief town of the Canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The l^eginnings of the town, as wcU as the derivation of its name, are obscure; the supposi- tion of iEgidius Tschudi, that Lucerne was once the chief town of the Burgundian kings in Aargau, is legendary. It is safer to assert that, in the eighth centur>', there stood at the place where the Reuss flows out of the Lake of the Four Cantons a small Benedictine monastery de<licated to St. Leodegar, which, as early as the reign of King Pepin, belonged to the Abbey of Murbach in Alsace. It is doubtful whether there was a previous settlement here, or whether the place was only an accretion of the monas- tery. The earliest mention of Lucerne is in a charter of Emperor Lothair I, 25 July, 840. With the flour- ishing church community a civil community also dc- velo^d, and the buildings of the two graduallv com- bined to make a small town, which appears in German documents of the thirteenth century as Lucerren, or Luzzemon. The Abbot of Murbach exercised feudal fiscal rights through a steward or bailiff; twice a 3'ear the abbot himself administered justice from the steps in front of the Hofkirche, with twelve free men beside him as aldermen. Each newly elected Abbot of Mur- bach had to promise fideHty to the law in Lucerne. The paramount jurisdiction over the settlement be- longed to the landgrave of the Aargau (after 1239,