Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 9.djvu/446

 LTJBLXK

403

LTJBLXK

religious directOFi and has received since 1905 a grant from the state. In 1874 an establishment of the Sis- ters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, from the mother-house at Breslau, was foimded to teach and to care for the sick. The Catholic associations of LUbeck include those of the Christian Familv, the Holy Child- hood, Guardian Angels, St. Elizabeth, St. Charles Bor- romeo, and one for the adornment of poor churches, an association for Catholic business men and offi- cials, a men's association; an association for journey- men, one for youths, ani! a Sodality of Mary for unmarried women. The Catholic press is represented by the " Nordische Volksaeitung".

Bbckbr, UnuMndliche GesehichU der kaiaertichen und dea Heiliatn RGmiachen Reichea freyen Stadt Liiheck (3 vols., Ltibeck, 1782-1805): Petersen, Auifiihrlxche GeachichU der LUbeck- iachen KirckenrefomuUion 1629-1531 (Ltibeck, 1830); Diecke, Die FreU und Hanseatadt Lubeck (4th ed., Lilbeck, 1881); Urkundenbueh dex^Stadt Liibeck (11 vols., Labeck, 1843-1904); Urkundenbueh dea Biatuma Liibeck (Oldenbunr. 1856); Die Freie und Hanaeatadi Liiheck (Ltibcck, 1890); HomiAN, Oeachichte der Freien und Hanaeaiadt Liiheck (LObeck, 1889-93); Iluoens, Der Olauhe der V&ter dargeatelU in den kirchlichen AUerlUmem LHhecka (Padertx>m, 1895); Idem, GeachicMe der Lnbeckiaehen Kirche von t6SO'1896^ Geachichte dea ehemalyfen kathoHaehen Bialufnat der nunmehnoen katholiachen Gemeinde (Paderbom, 1896); Liibeck f aeine Bauten und Kunatwerke (Lnbeck, 1897); Holm, Liiheck, die Freie und Hanaeatadt (Biele- feld, 1900); Dfie Bau- und KunatdenkmUler der Freien una Han- aeatadt Liibeck (2 vols.. Lubeck, 1906); Kobter, Nachrichien uber die rdmiache-kaiholiache Pfarrgemeinde Liiheck (LObeck, 1908); Zeitachrift dea Vereina fiir lHheckiache Geachichte und AUertumakunde (II vols., Ltibeck, 1860-1910); Hanaiaehe GeachuMa-bUUter (1871—); HantiaeheGeachichtaQuellen (1875—), Hanaereceaae (1876 — ), Hanaiachea Urkundenbueh (1870 — ), Hanaiaehe Invenlare (1876). JoSEPH LiNS.

Lublin, Diocese of (Lublinensis). — ^The city of Lublin is in Russian Poland, capital of the Govern- ment of Lublin, lies on the Bistrzyca, a tributary of the Vistula, and in 1897 had a population of 50,152, of whom 30,914 were Catholics. It is the seat of a Catholic bishop, a governor, and an army corps. Con- spicuous among the eleven Catholic churches of the town are the cathedral, dedicated to St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist, which was built by Bemhard Maciejow.ski (afterwards cardinal) be- tween 1582 and 1600, remained till 1772 in the pos- session of the Jesuits, and since 1832 has been the cathedral; also the church of St. Stanislaus, erected in 1342 by King Casimir for the Dominicans; the church of the Assumption of Mary *'de triumphis", built during 1412 and 1426 by King Wladislaw Jagello, in memory of the victory gained over the Teutonic Order; the parish church of the Conversion of St. Paul, erected in 1461, and till 1864 the church of the Fran- ciscans, etc.

Lubhn was foimded in the eleventh century, and soon began to flourish. In the events arising out of the relations between Poles and Lithuanians, the town on various occasions played an impor- tant r61e. From the (liets which assembled there, the so-Hcalled union of diets of 1569 came to l)c of de- cisive importance to the fortunes of both kingdoms. The alliance between Lithuanians and Poles was al- wajrs more or less loose (see Lithuania); only the hostility, coniinon to both of them against the Teu- tonic Older, obviated a separation more than once. Following the downfall of the onier, a much more dangerous enemy arose in the East in the upward- struggling empire of the Muscovites under Ivan III. When he had got rid of the Tatars he set about build- ing up a centralized state. And as he had designs on Polish territory, he sought to rouse up enemies agidnst the Poles. His successor followed a like policy. It became obvious that there would have to be a fight with Russia over the supremacy in the East. That could only be done with any success if, in place of the looser auianoe, a uniform incorporation of the states took place. King Sigismund (1548-1572) showed himself strenuously in favour of a closer union. Nevertheless when the united .tliots finally met at

Lublin in 1569, the Lithuanians, although their Greek Orthodox nobles had in 1563 by roval decree become possessed of the same rights as the Catholic tiobility of. Poland, stoutly opposed a closer union between Lith- uania and Poiana. Their representatives demanded absolute independence in all home questions, and the maintenance of their own constitution and adminis- tration. Only in the case of war were Lithuanians and Poles to meet in diet, while the monarch was not to be common to both, but to be separated from both coun* tries, and to be freely elected. A passionate confliot ensued with the Polish nobility. These latter were so much the stronger that they had the king on their side, and could also reckon on the lower Lithuanian nobles, who were much oppressed by princes and senators, and were not possessed of the same independence as the higher nobility. The king cleared away the last l^gal obstacle by renoiincing his hereditary nghts as Grand Duke of Lithuania, and thus placed both divisions in the same relation to his person. When, then, Sigisr mund Augustus by virtue of his royal authority com- manded the Lithuanians to consent to the union, they left the diet, in order to prevent the uiiion, and made every preparation to defend their independence by the sword. The Poles, however, broke the opposition by inducing the king to imite one by one to the Polish crown the Lithuanian territories, such as Podlaohia. Volhynia and others, in which his authority remainea unshaken. Only the use of the Russian language in the courts was guaranteed to them. The few who re- fused to submit to this arrangement were declared to have forfeited their lands and dignities, and thus Lithuania was robbed of its richest province. The Lithuanian magnates, who had also the smaller no- bility opposed to them, had nothing to do but submit. They joined the diet at Lublin again, and on 27 June, 1569, announced their willingness to acknowled^ the union. On 1 July the union was solemnly proclaimed. Lithuania thus ceased to be a self-dependent state. Ih retained however at least some marks of independence: Lithuanian offices, its own seal, and the title of grand duchy.

Under Kmg Stephen Bdthori (1576-86) Lublin be- came the scat of five of the highest law courts, which the king, under the renunciation of his old right, established to pronoimce judgment as courts of appeal for the several combined territories. King John Sobieski, the conqueror of the Turks at Vienna (1680), summoned a synod at Lublin, to put an end to the controversies among Roman Catholics and those of other confessions and to win over the small number of schismatics, who after the Union of Brest remained in Lithuania; but the synod had no success. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries Lublin still re- mained one of the most important towns in Poland. At the Partition of Poland the town went first to Austria; in 1809. after the victory of Xapoleon, to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, on the disruption of which by the Congress of Vienna Russia obtained it. During the period of Austrian rule Pius VII, on the petition of Enij)oror Francis II, established at Lublin a sep- arate bishopric. Adallx^rt. Skarszewski was appointed first bishop in 1807. When, during the reorganization of the Catholic Church in Russia, Pius VII, by the Bull "Militantis Ecclesiie", of 12 March, 1817, elevated the Bishopric of Warsaw into an archbishopric, Lublin with other dioceses was placed under it as suffragan and at the same time a oishopric was instituted for Po^^^