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neophytes, who had been baptized on Easter Eve, then for the first time laid aside their white baptismal robes. St. Augustine mentions this custom in a sermon' for the day, and it is also alluded to in the Eastertide Ves- per hymn. ''Ad regies Agni dapes" (or, in its older torm, " Aa c<Bnam Agni providi ), written by an an- cient imitator of St. Amorose. Low Sunday is also called b/some liturgical writers Pascha dausumf signi- fving the close of the Easter Octave, and "Quasimodo Sunday", from the Introit at Mass — "Quasi modo geniti infantes, rationabile, sine dolo lac concupiscite", — ^which words are used by the Church with special ref- erence to the newly baptized neophytes, as well as in general allusion to man's renovation through the Resurrection. The latter name is still common in

parts of France and Gennany.

DuRAND, Rationale Divini Officii (Venice. 1568): MARrkwE, De Antiquit Monaehorum RitibuM CLArons, 1700); UuiiRANaER, L'Ann^e liturgigue, tr. Shkpherd, The Liturgical Year (Dublin, 1867); Leroset, Histoire et aumbolisme de la IMurffie (Paris, 1889); BxTirFOL, Hietoire du Briviaire Romaine (Paris, 1803).

G. Cyprian AxfiTON.

Lttbeck, a free imperial state and one of the Hanse towns, is in area the second smallest and in popula- tion the twentieth state in the German Empire. The state, which includes the city of Ltibeck ana its neigh- bourhood, has an area of al)out 115 sq. m. and a popu- lation (1905) of 105,857 inhabitants, of whom 101,724 were Lutherans, 2457 Catholics, and 638 Jews. Of the three Hanse towns which still remain — Hamburg, Bremen, and LQbeck — LObeck was the last founded. It was first established in the eleventh century, below the site of the present town, and in the midst of the Slavic tribes dwelling on the coast of the Baltic, and a church was erected there under the protection of Henry the Proud. This settlement, however, proved too weak to withstand the attack of the pagan Slavs, and was destroyed early in the twelfth century. In 1143 Count Adolf II of Holstein founded a new colony above the site of the former, at the junction of the Trave and the Wakenitz, and introduced settlers from Flanders, Holland, Westphalia, and Friesland. The rapid development of the town awakened at first the envy of Duke Henry the Lion, and he only b^^in to favour it after its submission to him in 1157. He gave the town a municipal constitution, established a mint there, and made Bishop (Jlerold transfer to

ijObeok the seat of the Bishopric of Oldenburg, oimded by Otto I for Wagria. In 1173 Henry him- self laid the foundation-stone of the Romanesque cathedral, which was completed in 1210. To the east of the town the Johanneskloster was founded in 1177, and occupied by Benedictines from Brunswick. On the downfall of Henry, the bishopric became, immediately subject to the Holy See, while the* town itself voluntarily submitted to Frederick Barbarossa, who, in 1188, confirmed its liberties and its territorial boundaries. The commerce of the town developed rapidly, and its ships traversed the whole Baltic Sea. This prosperity by no means diminished with the advent of the Danes, who, under Cnut VI, brought Holstein and Lttbeck into subjection in 1201. The victory of the Hol- steiners over the Danes at Yomhood, in 1227, re- stored to Lttbeck its complete independence. In 1226 it had been already raised by Frederick II to the rank of a free city of the empire, altnou^h the emperor had not availed himself of his authority to appoint a protector for its territories. Even the bishop, who resided at first in the area capUuli (the Thum or Dom- hof) — but after the middle of the thirteenth century in Eutin, while his chapter remain^ in the cathedral area — ^had no secular jurisdiction over the town, whose privileges were ratified by Popes Innocent TV and Alexander IV. What great prestige Lttbeck ac- quired throughout Northern Germany by its vigorous preservation of its independence, may be inferred DC— 2^

from the fact that numerous North German towDfl adopted the municipal law of Lttbeck as the model for their own. The prominent position which Lttbeck held in Baltic commerce from the thirteentii centu^ry resulted naturally in her taking the leading part in the Hansa, or great conf ederacv of Low German cities, formed in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. As head of the Hansa, the importance of Lttbeck in- creased enormously in Northern Europe, until finally it stood at the head of over 100 towns and cities which had adopted its statutes. At times, however, it had to Dear the burden of defending the Hansa unassisted, especially against its hereditary foe, Denmark.

In the war of 1362-70, Lttbeck captured Ck>penha- gen (1368), and, by the Peace of Stralsund, was ap-

B)inted arbitrator of the dispute concerning the anish Crown. The following decades constitute the era of Lttbeck's greatest prosperity. In 1372 its burgomaster was appointed by the emperor. Do- mestic strife between the patricians ana the ^Ids broke out in Lttbeck as elsewhere, but resulted in its case in the maintenance of the rule of the merchant patricians, from whose families were chosen through- out the Middle Ages the four burgomasters and the twenty councillors. The power of Lttbeck in the fifteenth century is shown by the emperor's request, in 1464, that it should arrange peace between the Teutonic Order and the Poles, although the mission of the burgomaster, Castorp, was none too successfuli He met with greater success in preventing his city from being drawn into the disputes of the nei^bourinff Scandinavian lands. In the war between (Jnristian I of Denmark and Sweden (1499 — ), however, Lttbeck could not remain neutral; it afforded protection and shelter to the exiled Gustavus Vasa, formed the cotk^ federacy of the Wendish towns and Danzig against Christian, in 1 521, asserted once more the might of the Hansa in the Baltic, and dispatched with Gustavus Vasa a fleet to blockade Stockholm in 1522. In 1523 Stockholm had to surrender to the Lttbeck admirals,, and from their hands the newly elected King Vasa of Sweden received the keys of his capital.

The Reformation found a later ent ranee into Lttbeck than into other North-German towns. The initiative in introducing the new doctrine wa.s taken by the mid- dle classes, while the municipal authorities, on account of their friendship for the emperor and the bishop, strongly opposed the innovation. After 1529, how- ever, in consec}uence of the pecuniary demands of the council, a citizens' committee of forty-eight mem- bers was formed to enquire into the finances of the town. This committee procured a petition of the citizens for the introduction of Lutheran preachers. On 5 June, 1530, pursuant to a decree of the citizens which the council could not oppose, Lutheran ser\'ices were introduced into all the cnurches of Lttbeck ex- cept the cathedral, which was under the territorial jurisdiction of the chapter, and all clergymen were forbidden to celebrate Mass until further notice. In consequence of the supineness of the chapter, Lu- theran services were held even in the cathedral in July, and it was only in the choir, and at certain hours that Catholic worship was tolerated. The reigning bishop, Heinrich III Bockholt (1523-35), could offer no effective resistance to the Reformation in liie town, but he exerted himself to the utmost. After his death, the cathedral chapter, desiring the friendship of the neighbouring Protestant princes lest their property should be confiscated, elected bishops of Lutheran views — Detlef von Reventlow (1535) and Balthasar von Rantzow (1536-47). These were suc- ceeded by four Catholic bishops: Jodokus Hodfilter (1547-53). who, however, lived away from his diocese; Theodoricn von Reden, who resigned in 1555; AsssixswBi von Barby (1557-79), >n\\o d\vVxv<ci\: ^\38:vsi.vs5^^«^-