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LOUIS

Louis had flattered himself that, out of from 800,000 to 900,000 Protestants, only from 1200 to 1500 re- mained. The collective abjurations were generally far from sincere; the new converts were not practising Catholics, and the policy of the authorities, in regard to those new converts who remained too tepid, varied strangely in the several provinces. Was it still lawful in France for an individual, as an individual, to re- main a Protestant? Article xii of the edict of revo- cation implicitly said "Yes"; Louis and Louvois, in their letters, said "No", explaining that all, even to the very last individual, must be converted, and that there ought no longer to be any religion but one in the kingdom.

In 1698 intendanis and bishops were consulted as to the measures to be taken in regard to the Protest- ants. Bossuet, Archbishop Noailles, and almost all the bishops of northern and central France declared for a purely spiritual propaganda animated by a spirit of gentleness; Bossuet maintained that Protestants must not be forced to approach the sacraments. The bishops of the South, on the contrary', leaned to a policy of constraint. As r result of this consultation the edict of 13 December, 1698, and the interpreting circular of 7 January, 1699, inaugurated a milder regime and, in particular, forbade anyone to compel Protestants to approach the sacraments. Lastly, at the end of his reign, Louis ordered a new inquiry into the causes and the persistence of the heresy, and de- creed, by the declaration of 8 March, 1715, that jUl Protestants who had continued to reside in the king- dom since 1685 were liable to the penalties of relapsed heretics unless they became Catholics. This amounted to an implicit admission that the edict of 1685 had meant to command all Protestants to embrace Catholicism. The alliance between the revolted Protestants of the Cevcnnes (the Camisards, 1703-06) and England, the enemy of France, had driven Louis to adopt this policy of sternness.

The attitude of Innocent XI in regard to the perse- cution of Protestants and the grave and mature dehb- pration with which Clement XI proceieded against the Jansenists prove that, even at those very moments when the religious policy of Louis XIV was resting upon, or was invoking, Rome, the full responsibility for certain courses of precipitancy, of violence, and of cruelty must rest with the king. Aspiring to be master in his Church, he chastised Protestants and Jansenists as disobedient subjects. Though there may have been a parallelism of action and a reciproc- ity of services between Louis and the Holy See, still the ideas which inspired and guided the religious policy of the king were, in fact, always unlike those of the contemporary popes. "Louis XlV", says the historian Casiniir Gaillardin, "assumed to direct the conversion of his subjects at the whim of his pride, and by ways which were not those of the Churcn and the sovereign pontiff."

Documenth: — (Euvrca de Louis XTV, ed. Grimoard et Grouvelle (Paris. 1806); Mhnoires de Ixtuis XIV pour Ttn- ttruciion du Dauphin, ed. Dretss (Paris, I860): Deppino, Correspondance admintstralive nous le rigne de Louis XJV (Paris, 1850-52); Hanotaux. Rrrurils des Instructions aux ambassa- deurs h Rome (Paris, 1888); Vast, Les grands traiirs du rf-ffne de I^uis XIV (Paris, 1898); Mention, Documents relatifa aux rapports du clergr avec la roj/autf de 168S a 1705 (Paris, 1893); Lkmoine, Memoirts des &t>f^ques de France sur Ja conduits a tenir h Vi'gard des rfformis en 1698 (Paris, 1903); Dangeait, Journal U 684-1 720), (Paris, 1854-61); de Sodrches, Me- moires sur le rigne de Louis XIV (1681-1712), ed. Cosvac; Saint-Simon, Mhnoires, ed. Boisliblb (Paris, 1871-1909); Spanheim, Relation de la cour de France en 1690, ed. Bourgeois

i Paris, 1900); de Maintenon, Correspondince gintrale, ed. jAVALLtE (Paris, 1865-1866); Correspondence de la Princesse Palatine, trad. Jaegl^ (Paris, 1890); the numerous Mi-moires included in the collection of Michaud and Poujoulat should be consulted.

B. Historical Writinos. — Voltaire, SiMe de Louis XIV, ed. RtBELLiAU, (Paris, 1894); Gaillardin, Histoire du r'gne ds lA>uis XIV (Paris, 1877-79); Phiupp»on, Das ZeitaUer Ludwigs des Vienehnien (Beriiu, 1870); Hassall, Louis XIV and the Zenith of the French Monarchy (New York, 1895); LATiflsii, Histoire de France, VII-VIIT (PAiia, 1907-06);

Ch^^rot, La premiere jeunesse de Louie XIV (Lille, 1802); Lacour-Gatbt, Uiducation politique de Louie XTv (PaiiB, 1898); CHiRUBL, Histoire de France pendant la minoriti de Louie XIV (Paris, 1879-^); Reynold. LouU XIV el GuiUaume III (Paris, 1883): Valfret, Huguee de Uonne (Paris, 1877 and 1881); De Boisusle. Lee Coneeile eoue Louie XIV (Paris, 1891); Haggard, Louie XIV in Court and Camp (London, 1904); Farmer, Vereaillee and the Court under Louu XIV (London, 1906); De MoOt, L'Ambaseade du due de Cri- qui (Paris, 1893); Michadd, Louie XIV el Innocent XI (Paris. 1882-83); G±«nf, Recherchee sur Vaseemblie de 1682 (Paris. 1870); IDEIK, Lottie XIV et le Saint Sii'm (Pans, 1894); Idem. Le pape Innocent XI etla rH>ocation de I Edit de Nantes in Reeue des Questions historiques, XXIV (1878); Douen, La R&voeation a Paris, et dans Vile de France (Paris, 1894); Landau, Rem, Wien und Neapel wAhrend dee spaniechen Erhfolgekriege (Ldp- ziff, 1885); D'Haussonville, La duchesse de Bourgogne (Fans. 1898-1908); Lb Rot. La France et Rome de 1700 a 1716 (Paris, 1892).

Georges Goyau.

Louifl Allemandy Blessed, Cardinal, Archbishop of Aries, whose name has been written in a great vari- ety of ways (Alamanus, Alemanus, Almannus, Ala* mandus, etc.), was bom at Arbent in the Diocese of Belley in 1380 or 1381 (Beyssac, p. 310); d. 16 Septem- ber, 1450. Through the influence of a relative, Fran- 9oi8 de Conzi^, who was papal chamberlain, AUemand soon l>ecame prominent in the ecclesiastical world. He was named Bishop of Maguelonne in 1418 by Mar- tin V, who entrusted him with important missions, re- garding for example the transference from Pavia to Siena of the council which was convoked in 1423. In December, 1423, he was made Archbishop of Aries and in 1426 Cardinal. Later on and espepiaUy after 1436 he began to play a most important part in the Coimcil of Basle, where he made himself the head of the party which maintained the supremacy of the council over the pope (a doctrine already much ventilated at Con- stance where Allemand haa been present), and which eventually proceeded to the deposition of Eugeniua IV.

In 1439 Allemand was primarily responsible for the election of Felix V, the antipope, and it was AUe- mand who, sometime later, consecrated him bishop and crowned him as supremepontiff. During the con- tinuance of the assembly at Bask the cardinal showed heroic courage in tending the plague-stricken. He was also a diligent promoter of the decree passed by the council in favour of the Immaculate Conception of Our Lady. In the years which followed Allemand dis- charged several diplomatic missions in behalf of FeUx V, while he op^ly disregarded the decrees of Eugenius IV, which pronounced him ''excommunicated and deprived him of his dignity as cardinal. After the resignation of Felix V, brought about by the assembly of bishops which met at Lvons in 1449, Allemand was reinstated in his dignities by Nicholas V. His violent action at Basle seems to have resulted from an earnest desire for the reform of the Church, and having made his submission to Nicholas V, he is believed to have done penance for his former disloyal and schismatical conduct. He died shortly after in the odour of sanc- tity. His private life had always been a penitential one, and many miracles were reported to nave been worked at his tomb. In 1527 a Brief of Clement VII permitted him to be venerated as Blessed.

Ada SS., Sep., V; Schmid in Kirchenlexieon 8. ▼. AUman, Ludwig; Beyssac in the Rexme du Lyonnaie, Nov., Dec, 1809; Alban^.b and Chevalier, Gallia Christiana Notieeima (Aries, 1901). 787-830, 1312-79; Pastor, History of the Popee, I (tr. London, 1891); Hefele, Camn'/MtH^eacAtcAte, VII,803; SAXiua, Pontificium AreUUense CA\x, 1629), and, moat important of all Pekouse, Le Cardinal Louie Aleman, (Paris, 1904).

Herbert Thurston.

Louis Bertrand, Saint, b. at Valencia, Spain, 1 Jan., 152G; d. 9 Oct., 1581. His parents were Juan Bertrand and Juana Angela Exarch. Through his father he was related to the illustrious St. Vincent Ferrer, the great thaumaturgus of the Dominican Order. The boyhood of the saint was unattended by any of the prodigies that frequently forecast heroic sanctity. At an early age be eonoeiiFied the