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Lomioe. Both arehbishopries became imperial principalitiea. Mets and Verdun were later raised to the same dignity. With the close of the sixth century began tBe foundation of the numerous mon- asteries which spread from the Vosges, and to which Lorraine owed its advanced culture. Its people were remarkable through the Middle Ages for their reli-

E'ous leal. The most ancient of these monasteries is uzeuil founded by St. Golumba, whoee example was followed by Amatus, Romarich, Deodatus, Go<ieIbert, Hidulf, azui Chrodegang, who founded the abbeys of Remiremont, St. Die, Senones, Moyen-Moutier, St. Ifichiel, and Goose. There were other famous monas- teries in the different bishoprics, such as those of St. MaximinuB at Trier. St. Epure of Toul, Symphorian, Glossinda, and St. reters at Metz. Under the Gar- lovingiana the number increased. Ricliilde, wife of Charles the Bald, foimded Juvigny near Stenay about 874; Bishop Adventius of Metz, Ncumunster; while St. Germain, St. Martin on the Meuse, and Gellamont near Dieulouard also date back to this period. In these ecclesiastical abodes and in the bishops' resi- dences celebrated schools flourished, among which St. Mathiaa near Trier, the Abbey ot PrOm, famous for the historian Regino, and Verdun with its Bertiv- rius attained great prominence. The councils of Meaux, in 845, of Valence, in 855, and of Savonnidres. near Toul, in 859 improved these schools and f oundea new ones.

^ For poUtical reasons, Lothair II ceded smaU por- tions of his domains to his neighbours: to his brother Charies, the Diocese of Belley and Mouticrs; to Loui^ of Ital^, provinces in the Upper Jura and the Vaud; to Louis the German, Alsace. After his death, in 860, war immediately broke out, as alniost always occurred upon the death of a ruler of Lorraine. The Kings of France and Germany, as well as Louis of Italy, wished to seize the country; Louis the German was victorious, and, by the Treaty of Meersen, in 870, far the greater part was awarded to him — all the ter- ritory east and north of the Meuse and the territory and cities on the Moselle, on both sides of the Rhine, and in Jura, that is to say Friesland, the country of the Ripuarian Franks the original lands of the House of Lorraine, Alsace, and a part of Burgundy. Charles the Bald received the countries on the left bank of the Meuse and the Moselle. After the death of Louis the German (876) Charles tried, but failed, to recon-

3uer Ijorraine. Louis the Younger, in 879, after the eath of Louis the Stammerer, repossessed himself of the Frendi^ western, half of Lorraine, and thus once more umted the entire Regnum Lotharii under German rule. Under Charles the Fat, a natural son of Lothair II named Hugo disturbed the peace by calling in to his aid the Norman Godfrey, who ac- quired Friesland as a fief. Both, however, were severely defeated m 888. King Arnulf (887-99) ex- pelled the Normans, gaining a victory at Louvain (891^, and improved the religious situation by sum- momn|| the great Council of Tibour (895). At the same tmoe, in order to secure Lorraine as a part of Westmark, he gave it to his natural sou, Zucntcbulch, who surrendered the management of state affairs to Archbishop Radbod of Trier, as his chancellor. Zuen- tebnlch was overthrown in an insurrection raised bv the mightiest nobles of the country, Gerard, Matfried, and Reginar, on 13 August, 900. Gradually the supremacy passed over to Reginar of Ilainauit and Hasoei^u, who, after the death of Louis the Child (912), Drought Lorraine under the allegiance of Charies the Simple of France and in return received from him the dignity of margrave (Lord of the Marches) and duke. To these titles his son Giselbcrt succeeded in 015. Under Gisclbert, the disputes about the succession to the throne of France gave rise to internal divisions among the people of Lorraine. Hsonr I (011M6) was cafied by one party to its

assistance and, after repeated invasions, recovered all oi Lorraine for Germany (025). He confirmed Giselbert in the Duchy, and, m 028, gave him his own daughter Gerberga in marriage. In spite of this, Gisel- bert once more allied himself with the King of France, Louis IV, against the German Emperor Otto I (936- 73). But when Gisellx^rt was drowned near Ander- nach in 933, during his flight from the loyal Counts Udo and Conrad. Otto once more obtained the upper hand and gave Lorraine to his brother Henr^. The latter was driven out by the people of Lorrame, and Otto made Count Otto of Verdun, son of Richwin, duke. In 943 he constrained Louis IV of France to make a final renunciation of the rights of the Carl- ovingians over Lorraine. After Count Otto's death (044), the lordship passed to Coimt Conrad the Red of Franconia, who had married the emperor's dauj^ ter Liutgarde. But Conrad, too, was faithless, and, while Otto I was absent on an expedition to Italv (953), he called in the Hungarians. He was deposed, however, and replaced by St. Bruno, Archbishop a Cologne (953-65).

Bruno was the first to succeed in placing German supremacy on the firm basis which lasted until the twelfth century. This he accomplished bv training an austere and learned clergy, whom he deeply im- bued with the national sentiment to such an extent that the bishops whom he appointed (such as Heino of Verdun, Adalbcro of Metz, Iiegelo and Bruno of Toul, Wazo of Li^ge) became the princiiml supports of the imperial power. In order to control its continual unrest, he divided the country. The northern part (Lower Lorraine), from the Ardennes to the sea, com- prised the Arehbishopric of Cologne with the Bishop- rics of Utrecht and Li6ge. The southern part. Upper Lorraine, or the Land of the Moselle, extended to the south-east of the Vosges and to the Sichelbeig, witii the Arehbishopric of Trier and the Bishoprics of Mets, Toul, and Verdun. Subject to the supreme direction of Bruno, Lower Lorraine was assigned to Count Gottfried, Upper Lorraine to Count Friedrich, bro- ther of Bishop Adalbcro of Metz. The German Em- peror exercij?cd suzerainty over both. Aachen be- came the capital in 905.

II. LowEK I-iORRAiNE. — ^Thc historj' of Lower Lorraine is connected with that of Upper Lorraine for only a few more centuries. In 977 Emperor Otto II granted it to Charles, brother of Lothair of France, as a German fief. Lothair's subsequent invasion was repelled by Otto's famous march to Paris (078). After Charles's son Otto had died childless, the dukedom passed to Godfrey of Verdun, whose son Gozelo I re- united the upper and lower duchies under his rule in 1U33. Of his sons, the elder, Godfrey the Bearded, succeeded him in Upper Lorraine and Gozelo II (d. 1046) in Lower Lorraine. After the latter's death, Lower Lorraine was conferred upon Count Frederick of Luxemburg and, immediately after, upon Godfrey the Bearded ( 1 065-69). H is son Godfrey the Hunchback was the last ruler of this district who was loyal to the empire. As the bishops, after the triumph of the Cluniac Reform and the struggle over investitures, ceased to support the German emperors, the province soon re- solved itself into small feudal estates. These gradually withdrew from the German allegiance. Part of the country became known as the Netherlands, or Low Countries, and in 1214 reverted finally to P'rance, whilst the remainder took the name of Brabant. Godfrey adopted his nephew Godfrey de Bouillon, who was en- feoffed in 1088 by Henry IV. Upon his death at Jerusalem Henry v gave the duch^' to Godfrey the Bearded, Count of Brabant. In 1155 the Lords of Limburg severed themselves from Lower Lorraine and became independent dukes. After Henry V (1186- 1235) the dukes of Lower Lorraine were known as dukes of Brabant. In 1404 the duchy was united to Burgundy.