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Duke of Bouillon (conmumder of the papal forces), the Constable ColoEuta (Claude's patron of later years), and Cardinals Crracensio, Poll, Giorio, and

Spada.

Claude vaa not only a faithful and absorbed student of nature but a tireless and rapid worker; in 1644 he completed seventeen important canvasea. It is uold that he took extraordinary core in pointing one pic- ture composed of trees of many kinos, a study he al- ways kept beside his easel, aiul that he refused to sell it even to his best friend, Cardinal Kospigliosi, who leered to cover its surface twice over with gold pieces. Claude was the first original French painter, the first original modern painter, and the first to paint eSecta instead of thinf!^. While his landscapes are thor- oughly classic, tiley are above all ideal; "there ore no landscapes in Nature like those of Claude" (Goethe). He would contemplate for hours— even days — one Bubject in nature, to which he would rttum in other weathers and con- ditions. Herein he resembled the modern Impres- sionists, one of whom, Pissaro, re- gards Claude as the forerunner of their school. Claude "effected a revolu- tion in art by set- ting the Bun m the heavens" (Rus- kin); and in the pic torial treat- ment of aerial per- spective, in depth of background, and in delicate col-

Ci.*^-,. ». LoKHAiH i n g s u n 1 i gh t ' s

myriad effects, he is unsurpassed. His earlier painting was cool, bluish, and silvery; but he soon abandoned these tones for a rich, warm, and golden treatment of both land- scape and marine. In figure painting he did not ex- eel; he sold his landscapes, he said, and gave away his

Claude united the lofty poetic feelings of the Italians with a Flemish correctness and mastery of perspec- tive; his compositions are symmetrica!, yet free; and if he had a fault it was exaggerated gracefulness. In- spired by Callot, whom perhaps he Knew, Claude be- gaa etching about 1S20, and within a decode wrought the greater number of his (forty-two) plates. These are freely needled, carried to completeness, tuU of wonderful atmosphere, and su^estivc of the colour and light pervading his oil paintings. Hamerton says that" there is an ineffable l«ndcmcas in his handling, and that his "Ilerd.sman" is "the finest landscape etching in the world for technical nualitv". In 16G2 Claude's interest in etching rcviveu, anJ he executed two large plains, "Mercury and Argus" and "Time, Apollo, and the Seasons". Claude was one of the few great artists to be anpreciatcd during his life; and such ademand arose for tiis paintings tliot numerous forger- ies of them were passed off as "Claudes". To frus- taate such frauds he mode drawings, washed with sepia or bistre, of all his paintings; and these, about two hundred in all, constitute the "Liber Veritatia" 6t treasure now possessed by the Duke of Devonshire). This eoUectionj however, is far from containing all of Claude's drawings. Claude was of a reserved, con- temj)lative, and religious temperament, kindly in dis- position and generous. His favourite relaxation was music. During the last twenty years of his life he was in precarious Eealth and tormented with attacks of gout. At his death he provided liberally for hia

2 tOftftAm

nephew and his ward, Agnes, and bequeathed nobis

fiicturea lo various Roman cburchesj alao to his riend and patron Cardinal Roepiglioei "for the good advice he has always ^ven me". Claude was buried in the church of Tnnit& del Uonti; but, on the recommendation of H. Thiers, his lemaini were transported to the French church of San Luici in 1S40.

Of the one hundred and seventy-five eanvMee in Ekigland, the "Bouillon Claudes", Nuptials of iMae and Rebecca", and "Embarcation of the Queen of Sheba" are world-famed, and became conspicuous under the terms of Turner's will. The HermibiBe possesses twelve fine examples, among them the great series; "Morning", "Noon", "Evening", and Night". Rome has seventeen, Hunich six, and the Vanderbilt collection four fine canvases. In Dresden is the " Dido and Mneaa", His best-known etehinp ore the "Herdsman", the "Ford", and the "Fin-

BROW-iELL. Frtnci Art (Now York. 1B08); Pattuoh. Cloud* Lrtraine. « Vit rt ws (Buitm (Pujij. 1884): LtrnB, HiHan, of Art (.! vnli.. Ncir York. ie64); Hi^id, Suforv «/ Snojamn-i and EUhinj CLonilon. 1008); Dcllea, CtowkOifU* Ee lorrain (Ncir \aA. 1S3T): Samdrart. Acadtmia NatOif lima Artii Piclorvw (Nuremburf. 1SS3}.

Ljeioh Hunt.

Loiraioe. I. Orioin — By the Treaty of Verdun, in 843, the empire of Charlemagne was divided [n three parts: Ludwig the German leeeived Earteni Franconia; Charles the Bakl, Western Franeonia;

witii Italy in addition. After the death of Lothoir I, in 855, Italy prissed to his son Lothair II, who gave his name to the district henceforth known as Lotiia- Hi Regnum — Lotharingen, Lothringen, or Lorraine. Lorraine did not fonn a geographical unit, like the two great neighlwuring kingdoms, complete in them- selves and by their natural formation. Ita bound- aries were uncertain for though the Iteuse was on the west, the Rhine on the east, and the sea on the north, yet to the south it was completeVy exposed. The population, which in the eastern kmcdom was Ger- manic, and in the western Roman, nere combined both elements. Lorraine^ moreover, included within its boundaries the original home of the Austra- sian dynasty, with Aacnen, Charlema^ie's capital, and the most important centres of. ancient culture: two archbishoprics (Cologne and Trier), many bidiop- rics (Metz, Toul, Verdun, eto.), abbeys and royal castles. From the beginning it was coveted by the neighbouring princes, who succeeded, one after ao- other, in seizing parts or the whole of its territory. The composite character of ita ori^ also led to end- less internal v

domination. Missionaries came thither frcxn Trier whose lir^t bishop was St. Euchorius (about 2£0). One of his successors, Matemus (313-14), founded the See of Cologne. About 811 Trior be(»Jne an arch- bishopric, the episcopal Sees of Meti, Toul, and Ver- dun being suffragan to it. From 511 Heta was the capital of Austrosia, and became a bishopric in the sixth century, one of its first Insbom being St. Chrodegaog (742-661. Toul and Verdun ham been bishoprics since the fourth century. UndOT Bishop Ilildebold, in 799, Cologne received from St. Boniface metropolitan jurisdiction over LUrb and Utrecht. The two great archbishoprics early bi

temporal lordships. Trier obtained its ten_^

power in 893, under Radbod, through Duke Zuente- bulch of Lorraine; Bruno, Archbishop of Cokipie (9&3-6&), himself obtained the dignity ot Ouka of