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formed by the heresiarch Burdinus (Antipope Greg- ory VIII) after his condemnation, panon xi: Safe- guard for the families and possessions of crusaders. Canon xiv: Excommunication of laymen appropriat- ing offerings made to the Church, and those who for- tify churches as strongholds. Canon xvi: Against those who molest pilgrims on their way to Rome. Canon xvii: Abbots and religious are prohibited from admitting sinners to penance, visiting the sick, ad- ministering extreme unction, singing solemn and pub- lic Masses; they are obliged to obtam the holy chrism and holy oils from their respective bishops.

Second Lateran Council (lli^9). — ^The death of Pope Honorius II (February, 1130) was followed by a schism. Petrus Leonis (Pierleoni), under the name of Anacletus II, for a long time held in check the legiti- mate pope. Innocent II, who was supported by St. Bernard and St. Norbert. In 1135 Innocent II cele- brated a Council at Pisa, and his cause gained steadily until, in January, 1138, the death of Anacletus helped largely to solve the difficulty. Nevertheless, to efface the last vestiges of the schism, to condemn various errors and reform abuses among clergy and people, Innocent, in the month of April, 1139, convofced, at the Lateran, the tenth oecumenical council. Nearly a thousand prelates, from most of the Christian na- tions, assisted. The pope opened the council with a discourse, and deposed from their offices those who had been ordained and instituted bv the antipope and by his chief partisans, iEgidius of 'fuscuhim and Ger- ard of Angoul^me. As Roger, King of Sicily, a parti- san of Anacletus who had been reconciled with Inno- cent, persisted in maintaining in Southern Italy his schismatical attitude, he was excommunicated. The council likewise condemned the errors of the Petro- brusians* and the Henricians, the followers of two active and dangerous heretics, Peter of Bruys and Arnold of Brescia. The council promulgated against these heretics its twenty-third canon, a repetition of the third canon of the Council of Toulouse (1119) against the Manichseans. Finally, the council drew up measures for the amendment of ecclesiastical morals and discipline that had grown lax during the schism. Twenty-eight canons pertinent to these matters reproduced in great part the decrees of the Council of Reims, in 1131, and the Council of Cler- mont, in 1130, whose enactments, frequently cited since then under the name of the Lateran Council, ac- quired thereby increase of authority. Canon iv: In- junction to bishops and ecclesiastics not to scandalize anyone by the colours, the shape, or extravagance of their garments, but to clothe tJiemselves in a modest and well-regulated manner. Canons vi,vii,xxi: Con- demnation and repression of marriage and concubin- age among priests, deacons, subdeacons, monks, and nuns. Canon x: Excommunication of laymen who fail to pay the tithes due the bishops, or who do not surrender to the latter the churches of which they re- tain possession, whether received from bishops, or obtained from princes or other persons. Canon xii fixes the periods and the duration of the Truce of God. Canon xiv: Prohibition, under pain of deprivation of Christian burial, of jousts and tournaments which jeopardize life. Canon xx: Kings and princes are to dispense justice in consultation with the bishops. Canon xxv: No one must accept a l^enefice at the hands of a layman. Canon xxvii: Nuns are prohibited from singing the Divine Office in the same choir with monks or canons. Canon xxviii : No church must be left vacant more than three years from the death of the bishop; anathema is pronounced against those (secular) canons who exclude from episcopal election "persons of piety" — ^i. e. regular canons or monks.

Third Lateral Council (1179). — ^The reign of Alexander III was one of the most laborious pontifi- cates of the Middle Ages. Then, as in 1 130, the ot)ject to repair the evils caused by the schism of an anti-

pope. Shortl^r after returning to Rome (12 Marcfa. 1178) and receiving from its inhabitants their oath off fidelity and certain indispensable guarantees, Alex- ander had the satisfaction of receiving the submission of the antipope Callistus III (John de Struma). The latter, besieged at Viterbo by Christian of Mainz, eventually yielded and, at Tusculum, made his sub- mission to rope Alexander (29 August, 1178), who received him with kindness and appomted him Gover- nor of Beneventum. Some of his obstinate partisans sought to substitute a new antipope, and cnose one Lando Sitino, under the name of Innocent III. For lack of support he soon gave up the struggle and was relegated to the monastery of La Cava. In Septem- ber, 1178, the pope in agreement with an article of the Peace of Venice, convoked an oecumenical council at the Lateran for Lent of the following year and, with that object, sent legates to different countries. This was the eleventh of the oecmnenical councils. It met m March, 1179. The pope presided, seated upon an elevated throne, surrounded by the cardinals, and by the prefects, senators, and consuls of Rome. The gathering numbered three hundred and two bishops, among them several Latin prelates of Eastern sees. There were in all nearly one thousand members. Nectarius, abbot of the Cabules, represented the Greeks. The East was represented by Archbishops William of Tyre and Heraclius of Caesarea, Prior Peter of the Holy Sepulchre, and the Bishop of Bethle- hem. Spain sent nineteen bishops; Ireland, six; Scotland, only one; England, seven; France, fifty- nine; Germany, seventeen; Denmark and Hungary, one each. The bishops of Ireland had at their head St. Laurence, Archbisnop of Dublin. The pope con- secrated, in the presence of the council, two English bishops, and two Scottish, one of whom had come to Rome with only one horse, the other on foot. There was also present an Icelandic bishop who had no other revenue than the milk of three cows, and when one of these went dry his diocese furnished him with another. Besides exterminating the remains of the schism, the council undertook the condemnation of the Wal- densian heresy and the restoration of ecclesiastical discipline, which had been much, relaxed. Three sessions were held, on 5, 14, and 19 March, in which twenty-seven canons were promulgated, the most important of which may be summarized as follows: Canon i: To prevent schisms in future, only the car- dinals should have the right to elect the pope, and two-thirds of their votes should be required for the validity of such election. If any candidate, after se- curing only one-third of the votes, should arrogate to himself the papal dignity, both he and his partisans should be excluded from the ecclesiastical order and excommunicated. Canon ii: Annulment of the or- dinations performed by the heresiarchs Octavian and' Guy of Crema, as well as those by John de Struma. Those who have received ecclesiastical dignities or benefices from these persons are deprived of the same; those who have freely sworn to adhere^ to the schism are declared suspended. Canon iii: It is forbidden to promote anyone to the episcopate before the age of thirty. Deaneries, archdeaconries, parochial charges, and other benefices involving the care of souls shall not be conferred upon anyone less than twenty-five vears of age. Canon iv regulates the retinue of mem- bers of the higher clergy, whose canonical visits were frequently ruinous to the rural priests. Thencefor- wara the train of an archbishop is not to include more than forty or fiftv horses; that of a bishop, not more than twenty or thirty; that of an archdeacon, five or seven at the most; the dean is to have two. Canon V forbids the ordination of clerics not provided with an ecclesiastical title, i. e. means of proper support. If a bishop ordains a priest or a deacon without assign- ing him a certain title on which he can subsist^ the bishop shall provide such cleric with means of hveli>