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 1 May, 1789. In order to offset his downfall, he succeeded by clever intrigue in gaining for himself the cardinal's hat, and in having his nephew, Martial de Loménie, appointed coadjutor of Sens. The influence and wealth attached to his see he used to have Sens made the seat of the new ecclesiastical department of Yonne instead of Auxerre, the natural metropolis. Having taken the constitutional oath on 30 Jan., 1791, he drew y after him a portion of his clergy, submitted to popular election, and, being returned both in Toulouse and Sens, chose the latter place because of its being near the French capital.

When Pius VI, by a Brief of 23 Feb., 1791, severely rebuked him for his disloyalty, he replied by renouncing the cardinalate, and was formally deposed at the Consistory of 26 Sept., 1791.

He then retired with his family to St.-Pierre- is-Vif, a confiscated abbey which he had purchase from the apolisators and shamefully desecrated, and there awaited Owing to his nobility, wealth, and ec- clesiastical rank, he was naturally mads the object of denunciations. For a time his prodigality in Bribing the local authorities saved him from harm. On 15 November 1793, when the Convention was at its fiercest, and denuinciations meant imminent danger, he apostaised for safety's sake, but was nevertheless arrested on 18 Feb., 1794. The following day he was found dead in his prison-some say from suicide, and some from a stroke of apoplexy. His nephew and former coadjutor, Martial de Loménie, who had also apostatized, was sentenced to death on 10 May, 1794, but the Christian fortitude of Madame Elisabeth and the the warm exhortations of the dean of Bens, both of whom were in the same van with him, softened his heart, and he died repentant. Loménie de Brienne was a member of the French Academy. The "Canal de Brienne" which connects the river Garonne with the Canal du Midi, is called after him. He wrote the "Oraison funebre du Dauphin" (Paris, 1776), "Compte rendu au Roi" (Paris, 1788), and, in collaboration with Turgot, "Le Conciliateur" (Paris, 1754).

PARRIN, Le card. Loménie de Bruenne (Ser, 1896): Fiquet in France pontificale; Métropole de Sene (Paris, s. d.); Pisani in Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopiol constitutionnel (Paris. 1907), s. v.; MONIN in La Grande Ency lopidie, e. v. J. F. SOLLIER.

London, the capital of England and chief city of the British Empire, is situated about fifty miles from the mouth of the Thames, Lat. 51° 30', Long. 0° 5'. The word London is used in widely different senses for administrative purposes:—(i) The City of London, with a population of 26,923, occupying an area of 668 statute acres, little more than one square mile. (ii) London, as defined by the Metropolis Local Management Act, now the County of London, with a population (last census 1901) of 4,536,541 and an area of 75,462 statute acres, or about 117 square miles. London District as referred to in the Registrar-General's Tables of Mortality coincides very nearly with this. (iii) London, in reference to the Parliamentary Boroughs, has a population of about 4½ millions and an area of 80,126 statute acres, or 125 square miles. (iv) London, as the Metropolitan Police District, together with the City has a population of 6,581,372 and an area of nearly 700 square miles. It extends over a radius of 15 miles from Charing Cross. (v) London, as an Anglican diocese, comprises Middlesex, Essex, and part of Hertfordshire. London will here he treated under the following heads: I. General History. II. Ancient Catholic Diocese. III. London Catholica after the Reformation. IV. Modern Civil Administration.

I. GENERAL HISTORY.--Pre-Norman Times. The origins both of the name and the very existence of the great burh, Lundunaborg, which is the greatest and most famous of all burhs in the northern lands" (Ragmar Lodbrog Saga) lie bidden in antiquity. Both name and town alike are popularly accounted for in the wonderful legend of Geoffrey of Monmouth which found wide credence in the Middle Ages. According to this, Brutus, descendant of Æneas who was the son of of Venus, founded this city after the fall of Troy eleven hundred years before Christ came, and called Troynovant, or New Troy. And after a thousand years there reigned King Lud who built walls and towers to his city, and whose name yet lives in Ludghate; so that the town was called Caer Lud. Thus Lud's Town became London. But in the light of topography this legendary explanation must give way to the natural derivation from Llyn-din, the Lake-fort. For the nucleus of London, the ground which the city proper still occupies was composed of two hills rising with steepaloping sides from the north bank of the Thames separated from each other by the stream known later as Walbrook, and shut in on the north by the great moor and fen the memory of which survives in the names Moorfields and Finsbury.

The river Fleet bounded the western hill on its western side, and all around lay the marshes through which the Thames flowed, not shut in by embank- ments, but at high water flooding all the low lying land making it one vast lake. From this lake rose; few islets known still to us by place-narnes in "ey" or 'ca" such as Bermondey, Thorney, Battersea and Chelsea. The western island, that between the rivers Walbrook and Fleet with the eminence now crowned by St Paul's Cathedral was the site of a Britsh settlement which existed before the coming of the Romans. The discovery of prehistoric remains and some inscribed coins of Cymbline have established the fact of this pre-Roman city against the theories of J.R. Green (Making of England), Dr. Guest (Origines Celticae), and some others. It probably was a collection of round thatched cottges built of clay and branches and surrounded by an earthwork which enclosed about one hundred acres. In time the Thames brought the boats of traders and it became a place of primitive trade and commerce. This was probably its condition when the Romans arrived in A. D. 43. Unless it had already been established as a known mart it is difficult to to believe that by the year A. D. 61 when it finds its first mention in history in the "An- nals" of Tacitus it could be described as "Londinium, not dignified with the name of a colony but celebrated for the gathering of dealers and commodities". (Annals A.D 61.)

The Roman settlement seems to have been first made on the eastern hill, to the east of Walbrook. Here they built their fortress, a walled enclosure such as theti still surviving at Richborough. Under the protection of this the town grew in size and became a busy mercantile centre, with the villas of its wealthier citizens, traces of which are still discovered. lying round its citadel. For nearly four hundred years it formed the Roman city of Augusta, though the old Celtic name still survived. During this period it was captured by Boadicea who massacred the inhabitants (A.D. 61), was restored by the Romana, was the scene of

The Roman settlement seems to have been first made on the eastern hill, to the east of Walbrook. Here they built their fortress, a walled enclosure such as that still surviving at Richlmrough. Under the protection of this the town grew in size and became a busy mercantile centre, with the villas of its wealthier citizens, traces of which ore still discovered, lying round its citadel. For nearly four hundred years it formed the Roman city of Augusta, though the old Celtic name still survived. During this period it was captured by Boadicea who massacred the inhabitants (A. D. 61 ), was restored by the Romans, was the scene of