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The rescript of Rudolph in 1609 had emboldened the Protestauits; having gained the upper hand in Prague, they persecuted the clergy and expelled manv priests, regular and secular. The cathedral was al- tered to suit the Calvinistic worship; the altars were demolished, and the painting and statues destroyed. Lohelius had taken refuge in Vienna, where he re- mained imtil 1620. After the battle of the White Mountain, the archbishop and his chapter, as well as the Jesuits and other religious, returned to Pra^e. The cathedral, cleansed and refurnished, was agam conse- crated on 28 Feb., 1621. Lohelius died soon after, of

a slow fever; he was buried in the church of Strahov. Dlabacz, Lfben. . . Lohelius. . . (Prague, 1704); Lachen, LaiukUio FunebrU (Antwerp, 1625}: Goovaerts, who gives the best description of letters, etc., pnnted or MSS.. of Lohelius in his Dictionnaire Bio-bibliooraphique . . . de lOrdre de Pre- montrit part I (Brussels, 1901), 523-531; van Cratwinckel, Lenens . . ,de WiUe Orde van den H. Norbertus, pt. II (Antwerp, 1665), 651-671; Chorherrenbuch (Warxbui«. 1883), 565 sq., 606 sq.

F. M. Geudens.

Lohner, Tobias, b. 13 March, 1619, at Neudtting in the Diocese of Salzburg; d. 26 (probably) May, 1697. He entered the Society of Jesus on 30 August, 1637, at Lansberg, and spent his first years in the class- room, teaching the classics. Later at Dillingen he was professor, first of philosophy for seven years, then of speculative theology for four years, and finally of moral theolof^. He was rector of the colleges of Lucerne and Dillingen and master of novices. His zealous sermons won for him the reputation of a great preacher, and his versatility made him a remarkable man in many ways. His chief claim, however, to the gratitude of his contemporaries and of posterity is based mainly on the many works which he wrote, both in Latin and German, on practical questions, especially of asceticism and moral theology. More than twenty years before he died, his literary activity received nattering recognition in the " Bibliotheca Scriptorum Societatis Jesu", a work begun by Father Peter Riba- deneira, S.J., continued by Father Philip Albegambe, S.J., and brought up to date (1675) by Father Na- thanael Sotwel, S.J. Of Father Lohner's many pub- lished works, those which have secured him most last- ing remembrance are the " Instructissima bibliotheca manualis concionatoria" (4 vols., Dillingen, 1681 — ), and a series of volumes containing practical instruc- tions, the more important of which are the following: " Instructiopractica dess. Missse sacrificio"; " Instruc- tio practica de officio divino" ; " Instructio practica de conversatione apostolica"; "Instructio practica pas- torum continens doctrinas et industrias ad pastorale munus pie, f ructuose et secure obeundum" ; " Instructio

Sractica de confessionibus rite ac fructuose excipien- is" (complete edition of these instructions, in eleven vols., Dilhngen, 1726 — ). He published many other similar wor& on preaching^ on catechizing, on giving exhortations, on the origm and excellence of the priesthood, on the various states of life, on consoling the afflicted, on questions of polemical, ascetical, speculative, and moral theology, on the means of over- coming temptations, on the foundations of mystical theology. These and other works of like nature testify to his untiring zeal; almost all of them were printed in separate volumes, ran through many edi- tions, and some of them are used and prized even at the present day.

Thobuen, L^entbUder atta der Gesch. der deuttichen Ordens- provinx der GeaeUschaft Jesu; SommeRvooel. Bibl. de la C. de J., IV (1901): Herder, Konveraatuma-Lexikon, s. v.; Hurter, Nomendator.

J. H. FiSHEB.

Loja, Diocese of (Lojana), suffragan of Quito. Ecuador, includes the greater part of the Provinces of Lojaand El Oro. It thus occupies the south-west- em portion of Ecuador, lying between the summit of the Andean CordillafM and the Pacific Oooan. Ithaa

an area of about 10.000 square'miles. The city of Lojs. which has a population of ten thousand, is situated some 270 miles S3.W. of Quito, in the Val de Can- bamba. It was established about the year 1546 to

Protect travellers on the royal road from Quito to eru against the attacks of the Indians, and is thus one of the oldest towns in the state. In 1580 the First Provincial Coimcil of fkniador was held there; at which time the city contained, in addition to its parish churchy a Franciscan convent and a Dominican pri- ory. It was at Loja that the valuable prpperties of the cinchona-bark, the source of quinine, were first discovered by a Spanish soldier who, having acciden- tally experienced its antipyretic qualities, by means of it cured the vice-reine of rem, the Countess of Chin- chon (a quo cinchona), of a fever, and thus made it known to the world. Loja suffered much from earth- quakes and Indian inroads. In 1861 it possessed a Jesuit church, a college, a consistorial house, and an hospital. Five years later a bishopric was erected at Loja, Mgr Checa being the first occupant of the see; he was succeeded by Mgr Riofrio, afterwards Arch- bishop of Quito; the third prelate was Mgr Jos^ Madi, O.F.M.; bom on 14 January, 1815, at Montroi|L in Tarragona, Spain, he was consecrated Bishc^ m Loja on 16 September, 1S75. This illusU-ious prdate died in 1902 in Peru, a glorious exile for the Faith. After an interregnum of several years, Mgr Juan Jos^ Antonio Eguiguren-Escudero, the present or- dinary, was appointed. Mgr Egui^uren was bom at Loja on 26 April, 1867; he studied at the semi- nary of Quito, where he was ordained on 11 June, 1892. Shortly afterwards he became a professor in his Alma Maier; in 1901 he was named an honorary canon, and three years later was made Administrator Apostolic of Loja; on 6 March, 1907, he was elected to fill the vacant see and was consecrated at Quito on 28 July, 1907. The Diocese of Loja contains 61 secular priests, 20 regulars, 84 churches or chapels, and 36

Earishes. There are two colleges, and in the town of loja a convent fcjr the higher education of women. The Cathohc population is about 81,000.

With the exception of individual cases, there is no religion professed in the diocese but Catholicism (and

Saganism among some of the Indians) ; manv of the atholics however, are lukewarm and the Church is suffering from the increasing hostility of the advanced Liberal or Radical party at present m power in E^eua- dor. The following remarks will help to make known the present (1909) position of the Church. The State and the Church have been separated^ and all religions are now equal before the law; there is no interference with communications between the clergy and the Holy See. The secular priests were formerly supported by tithes, and later b^ a percentage of the import duties; now they are entirely dependent on the voluntary contributions of the faithful. Clerics are exempted from military service, but they may not hold any civil public office; they are forbidden to preach against enactments of the legislature, or against the political parties, under a maximum penalty of a fine of 100 sucres (florins) and imprisonment for 30 days. None but a native-born Ecuadorean may be preferred to any ecclesiastical dignity. So far ecclesiastical property has not been confiscated by the secular power, tbou^ it is tmder state control. A religious organization has to obtain permission from the Government before it can legally receive and hold gifts or legacies. En- closed orders are to disappear gradually, being for- bidden to accept any more novices; but teaching and charitable institutes may receive postulants provided they are over eighteen years of age; these bodies, how- ever, are not allowed to found new houses in the State. Civil marriage alone is recognized by the State, and must precede the religious ceremony if there be any. Priests who violate this provision of the law are liable to a fine of 500 sucres and impriaomnent for three