Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 9.djvu/360

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"Loci theologici" wai fint publuihed in 1563, three years After the author'8death,bv the Grand Inquisitor V»ldes. Twenty-six editions followed the first : eight in Spain, nine in Italy, seven in Germany, and two in Franco. Numerous writers during the followins cen- turies produced works on the same lines: Scraphinius Ractiua (Raiii) {d. 1613), Petnis de Lorca (d. IB06), Dominicus a S. Trinitnte (d. 16S7), Ch. du Plessis d'A^entrfe (d. 1740), FrancLicus Kmni, and many more. Gradually the subject-matter of the loci en- tered the body of theology imdcr the title of "Prole- gomena", general dogmatics, fundamental theolofn', or apologetics. In "A Manual of Catholic TheoloRy, by Wilhplm and Seanncll (I,ondon, l!(fMJ). the hria.re treated in the first liook under the foUowintjhfadinKs: the sources of theoloEical knowledge; Divine revela- tion; transmission of revelation; the Apostolic de- posit of revelation; ecclesiastical tnuiitions; the rule of faith; faith; faith and undomtandinR.

Tbe necessity of meeting attacks on the Faith at the precise point on which they are directed has, of recent years, led to a modiliration in apoloeetic methods. Existing textbooks draw their proofs from Scripture, tradition and, when possible, from reason. The au* thority of these loci, or sources, having Ixwn previ- ously proved, the demonstration ia considered com- plete. But since evolutionLim has taken hold of the modern mind and filled it with a never-sotisifieJ desire to know the origin and the zrowth of all Ihinji;!! in the Kalms of nature and of mind, the liici thcmaelves have been submitted to fierce criticism liy men who will 1« convinced by nothing but fact^ and cxperimrntn. They proceed by the positive, or liiatoricul. method which eliminates all supernatural factors, and retains only the bare facts linked together in an unbroken chain of causes and effects. The Bible to them is no longer the Word of God, but a mere collection of docu- menta of various merit; the Church in an institution of bumar) origin. It must be eonfcssral that the histori- cal method is fraught with danger even U> those who use it in defence of the Church. Tlio ilangcr is real but.BO ia the necessity of facing it, for it in usclp$.s to argue from authority with men who acknowledge no auUiority. What is wanted is that the Catho- lic apoloeist keep a steady eye on the landmarks lixe<l by tneCnurch,and dci-iate neither to the right nor to the left. With that precaution, the historical methoil is likely to become an abundant source of light an<l understanding on points of doctrine and discipline hitherto viewed out of their historical frame and in a borrowed light. Thus the discovery of the Didache {q. v.) has been a revelation which' has upset many fond calculations, and the excavations in Palestine. AssiTia, Egypt, and other places, where they liear on Bible history, have done more good tlian harm to the traditional views. The French are at the present doy the pioneers of the historical treatment of doema; one need only point to the splendid series of "Studies in the History of Dc^mas " published by Ijecoffre in Paris.

Wekheii, Gtteh. d. ajietoQ. u. juArm. !,Urralvr (Rntinhon. 1880): Ga». Gfich. d. prof. Daamalik <18S4): Hkppk. Dim- wiatik d. dtiUKim FmaUnlumtu ((.olhu, 1K5TJ: Skniiti' (n JCtrctoilei.. ■. v.: HtHTKH, XomntlaUir; tee abo bibliunniphy nndcr AraLoasncB and TaeoLOOT.

J. WiLHELU.

1 LOOXHAKT ,

Davcnant'fl version of "The Tempeat", produced 7 November, 1667. His "Melothesia" (ItiiSj was a good theoretical treatise. Of greater interest is the "Macbeth" music, composed in 1672, but it ia almost certain that the well-known score was really the work of Henry Purcell. The ascription of it to Locke was based on an error due to Dr. Boyce. but it must be noted that Purcell'a music — the so-called " Locke's " — ivalof"Macl)Cth" in 1GS9. Locke

mpoi

ed the

for Shad- well's " Psvche " in 167.1, anil sev- eral anthems and Latin hymns. From 1672 to 1674 he was engaged

Thomas ^Imon, who advocated the writing of all music on one clef.

still upheld, while

phlets are for- gotten. He was " De|iutv Master of the King's Mu- sick" for the

Lock», MATTtiEW, composer; b. at Exeter, in 1629; d. August, 1677. HewasacborisUTof ExeterCathe- dral from 1638 to 1641. His first effort was as part- composer of music for Shirley's masiiue "Cupicf and Death" (26 May, 1653). In 1654, he iWame a Catho- lic, and, in 1656. furnished some of the music for I>ave- nant's opera ""The Siege of Rhodes", In addition to aome minor orchestral works he scored the proeessional march for the coronation of Charles II, in April, 1001. and was appointed composer to the king b private band at a aala^ of forty pounds a year. He com- posed incidental instrumental music for Drvden's and IX.— 21

376-77, but hia salary at Court v

lid that on 24 July, lli76, he asaign

throe years' and three quarters' Balar>- due to him — to one of his creditors. He was buried in the Savoy, in which parish he spent his last

Hubs in Ghovb, /)id. of Maiii^ o

lOOfl): I. v.; Matthhw, Hmdimk n. __ _ ,,

don. 18081; Waliek, HiHoni 'if Munc in England (Oxtord. 10O7); DK LinjNTAiMi;, The King't Munkk (Loudon, IMOB). W. H. (.iHATTAN-1'I.OOD.

Lockhart, William, son of the Rev. Alexander Lockhart of Waringhiim, Surrev; b. 22 Aug., 1S20; d. at St. Etlieldreher of Sir A\'ultcr Scott. After sturlying first ut Beilford Grammar School and, afterwanla under various tutors, be entereil Exeter College, Oxford, in IKIS. Ho there made the ac- quaintance of t^lward Douglas, afterwanis hiMil <)t the RedemptoriHtJi at Rome, Father Ignatius Grant, the well-known JcNuit, and John Ruskin. Like so many others whose early life has been poxsed in a purely I*roteHtanl :ilmo«phere, Locklwrt had hitlierto taken it for granted that Protestant iom represented the religion of the ApOHtles. and that to the title ChriKHan Catholics could, properly Ki>eaking, lay no claim. The rending of Iroude's "Kemains" nnd Fnber's "Foreign ('hurches" showed him how mi»- taken this q>inion was. To set his iloubts nt rest, he visited Manning at I.jivingtnn. but felt aouwed in the archdeacon's presence that he di<l not dare to enter into o controversy. SiilM«'i[ueullv. Miinninc urged Lockhart to accept Newman's kind invitation to stay with him at Litllenxire anrl prepare for (,\nglican) ordination. After griduating Bachelor of .-\r(s in 1842, he rejoined Newman at Litllcniore. and was as- signal the task of translating a portion of Fleury's "History of the Church", and of writing a life of St. Gilbert of Setiipringham for the OxfonI Series (see N ew- HAN, JoKN' Hendv). In lliia retirement hia weak- ened faith in the Anglicjin Church was rudely xhaken by the perusal of Milner's " End of Religious Contro- versy" given him by Grant, who had Iwcome n ('nth- olicin 1S41. Lockhart now realized for the first time what (Tatholie doctrine was, and he saw all his doubta confirmed in the irresolution of Newman, at thiji tima