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first act was to punish Ann of Josus severely for liaving appealed to the Holy See; for three years she was de- prived of daily communion, of all intercourse with the other nuns, and of active and i)assive voice. At the expiration of this penance she went to Salamanca, where she became prioress from 1596 to 1599. Mean- whfle a movement had been set on foot to introduce the Teresian nuns into France. Blessed Mary of the Incamation, warned bv St. Teresa and assisted by de Br^tiffny and de B^ruUe (q. v.), brought a few nuns, moet^ trained by St. Teresa herself, with Ann of Jesus a€ their heads, from Avila to Paris, where they established the convent of the Incarnation, 16 October, 1604. Such was the number of postulants that Ann was able to make a further foundation at Pontoise, 15 January, 1605, and a third one on 21 September at Dijon, where she took up her abode; otner founda- tioDS followed. Nevertheless difficulties arose be- tween her and the superiors in France, who were anxious to authorise certain deviations from the strict rule of St. Teresa; the situation had become strained and painful, when Mother Ann was called to Brussels by the Infanta Isabella and the Archduke Albert, who were anxious to establish a convent of Carmelite nuns. She arrived there on 22 January, 1607, and besides the Brussels house she made foundations at Louvain (4 November), and Mons (7 February, 1608) ; and helped to establish those at Antwerp, and at Krakow in Poland. She, moreover, obtained leave from the pope for the Discalced Friars to establish themselves m Flanders. The Spanish Carmelites having decided not to spread outside the Peninsula declined the offer, but the Italian congregation sent Thomas a Jesu with some companions, wno arrived at Brussels, on 20 August, 1610. On 18 September, Ann of Jesus and her nuns, in the presence of the nuncio, rendered their obedience to the superior of the Itah'an congregation. She re- mained prioress at Brussels to the end of her life. Numerous miracles having followed upon her death, the process of canonisation was introduced early in the seventeenth century, and in 1878 she was declared Venerable.

KANRiQUVt Vida de la V, Mtidre Ana de Jesue (Bruasels, 1032); Bbrtbou>b-Iona.cb db Stb. Anne* Vie de la Mire Anne dtJinu (HechUn, 1876).

B. Zimmerman.

Loeeum (Lucca, Locken, Lockween, Ltke, Ltcxo), Cistercian abbey in the Diocese of Minden, formeriy in Brunswick but now included in Hanover, was founded by Count Wilbrand von Hallermund in 1163. The first monks under Abbot Eccardus came from Vbllrenrode in Thuringia, through which house the foundation belongs to the Morimond line of descent from Clteauz. An ancient writer describes Loccum as being "in loco horroris et vastse solitudinis et prse- donum et latronum commorationis"; and adds that, after sufferini^ much from want and from the barbar- ity of their neif;hbourB, the monks in time brought the land into cultivation, and the people to the fear of God. The history of the abbey presents nothing to call for special notice.^ It filled its place in the life of the Church in Brunswick until the tide of Lutheranism swept the Catholic religion from the country. The chief interest of Loccum lies in its buildings, which still exist in an almost perfect state, being now a Protestant seminary of higher studies. The group, which is con- sidered inferior in beauty to Mambronn and Beben- hausen alone amongst German abbevs, consists of a cruciform church alwut 218 feet long by 1 10 feet wide, built between 1240 and 1277, and restored with great care about sixty years ago; a quadrangular cloister of remarkable beauty; the ancient refectory, now used as a library; the chapter-house, sacristy, dormitory, and lay-brotiiera' wizig (domus conversorum), all practi- eaOy m their ori^inarstate. fiy ac odd survival the ^.^. . ,^. - igpy^ ^ ^jjg Yiesd of the present estab-

lishment, and the abbatiul mitre, crosier, et<?., are pre- served, and apparently still used on occasion.

461: Ahrens, Zur dUesten Oewhirhte dee Kloetere Loccum hi Archiv. d. hist. Ver. /Qr Nieder-Sachacn (1872), 1; Wittb, Kloeter Loccum in Die Katol. Welt (1904) ; Bbunnkr, Zietef gieneerbuch (WOnbuig, 1881), 32.

G. Roger Hudleston.

Lochleyen (from leamhan, an elm-tree), a lake in Kinross-shire, Scotland, an island of which, known as St. Serf's Island (eighty acres in extent), was the seat of a religious community for seven hundred years. Brude, King of the Picts, is recorded to have given the island to the Culdees about 840^ perhaps in the life- time of St. Serf (or Servanus) himself, and the grant was confirmed by subsequent kings and by several bishops of St. Andrews. In the tenth century the Culdee community made over their island to the bishop, on condition of their being provided by him with food and clothing. The Culdees continued to serve the monastery until the reign of David I, who about 1145 granted Lochleven to the Canons Regular of St. Andrews, whom he had founded there in the previous year. Bishop Robert of St. Andrews, him- self a member of the order, took possession of the is- land, subjected the surviving Culdees to the canons, and added their possessions to the endowments of the priory at St. Andrews. An interesting list of the books belonging to the Culdees at the time of their incorporation with St. Andrews is preserved in the St. Andrews Register. From the middle of the twelfth century until the Reformation, Lochleven continued to be a cell dependent on St. Andrews. The most noted of the pnors was Andrew Wyntoun, one <rf the fathers of Scottish history, who probably wrote his "Orygynale C^onykil of Scotland" on the island. Patrick Graham, first Archbishop of St. Andrews, died and was buried there in 1478. The property passed at the Dissolution to the Earl of Morton. A few frag- ments of the chapel remain, and have been used in recent times as a shelter for cattle.

Mack AT. Fife and Kinroaa (Edinburgh. 1896), 12, 82; Chai/- MER8. Caledonia (Paialey. 1887-90), I. 409 etc.; II, 748; VII, 108, 142; Lyon, Hiat. of St. Andretca, I (Edinbui^h, 1843), 44; Gordon, AfonoA/tcon (London. 1875), 90-9; Ordnance Gaxetteer, Scotland, IV (London, 1874), 320, 321.

D. O. Hunter-Blair.

Lochner, Stephan, painter, b. at Meersburg, on the Lake of 0)nstance, date of birth unknown; d. at Cologne, 1452. He came to Cologne about 1430 from Meersburg. His style of painting resembles more that of " Master Wilhelm" of the fourteenth century, than that of the unknown painters who followed him, who, though they lived at Cologne, betray a certain Dutch influence. He seems to have brought with him from his home in Upper Germany, the more viWd realism of Moser and Witz. His principal work was destined for the altar in the town hall, but was removed in 1810 to the choir chapel of the cathedral. This is the bril- liant triptych wnich, in the centre piece, shows in al- most life-size figures the worshipping of the Ma^, and the side panels of which represent St. Ursula with her companions, and Gereon with his warriors. In the middle, seated on a throne, appears the Madonna with the Child, humble and yet majestic, clad in the tradi- tional ideal garments. The miraculous star shines al)ove, and angels appear overhead. On each side one of the kings prays and tenders his offering, while tlie third stands beside the throne. To the right and the left their followers crowd into view. A wealth of tone and colour transfigures the scene. The figures, save the Virgin, are all clad in the costumes of the time; their bearing is free and bold, and each individual in the group stands out in marked relief. This is espe- cially true of the warriors of Gereon on the right lateral panel. Their leader is seen, virile and resolute, ad-