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 LZVIAS

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LLANDAFF

their first oommtmion. A very laii^ proportion of the Catholics of the diooese, especially in the towns, are of Irish lurth or descent, though in the country parts and in North Lancashire many old Lancashire Catholic families remain which during the ages that have dapeedfrom the Reformation have never lost the faith.

Originally Lancashire belonged to the Kingdom of Korthumbria and the Diocese of York, but in 642 Southern Lancashire became part of Mercia and of the Diocese of Lichfield. Henry VIII, in 1542, made Chester, including South Lancashire, into a se{)arate diocese (see Chester). In Queen Elizabeth's time it 18 the Protestant Bishop of Chester who complains that there is a confederacy of Lancashire Papists, and that "from Warrington all along the sea-coast of Lancashire, the gentlemen were of that faction and withthraw themselves from religion'' (i. e., from at- tending the Protestant service). For tliis crime fifty Lancawire Catholic gentlemen were arrested in one night, and in 1587 six hundred Catholic recui>ants were prosecuted. A yearly fine of £260 was the penalty paid in some cases for twenty years for refuisiug to at- tend the Protestant service, and aft<)r death refusal of Christian burial. At Rossall, in North Lancashire, was bom Cardinal Allen, the founder of the Seminary of Douai, which in five years sent a hundred priests to face the martyr's death in England. Amongst the Lancashire mart3rrs were the Yen. George Hay dock, b. 1556 at Cottam Hall, Preston, and martvred in 1589 at the age of 28 at Ty borne; Yen. John l*hulis, b. at Upholland, near Wigan, and martvred at Lancaster in 1616, Yen. Edmund Arrowsmith, b. at Hay dock, near St. Helens in 1585, and in 1628, at the a^e of 43, martyred at Lancaster. His *' holy hand" is still de- vout^ kept in the church of Ashton-in-Makerfield.

In addition to the manliness of the Lancashire char- acter and the example of sacrifice given by the Lan- cashire gentnr, the Gerards, Blundells, ^lolyneuxes, Andertons, CfUftons, Scarisbricks, Gillows, the close connexion which Lancashire has always had with Ire- land has done much for this preservation of the faith. TxHces of this coimexion are seen in the old St. Pat- rick's Cross of Liverpool which was supposed to mark the spot where St. Patrick preached before sailing to Ireland, and in the prc-Reformation chalice still pre- aerved at Femyhalgh, near Preston, which bears the date of 1529 and an inscription testifying that it was given by "Dosius Maguire, Chieftain of Fermanagh". Again the Irish famine of 1847 filled the Lancashire towns with Irish exiles so tliat hardly one can be found without its church of St. Patrick to mark their devotion to him who brought them their Catholic Faith.

Tks Catholic Directory. 1850-1910; Liverpool Catholic Annual. 188O-1910: Hughes, Liverpool Quaranf Ore Guide, 1895-1910; HuoHKS, Ctttholic Guide to Liverpool, 100.'); Liverpool Catholic Tiwuta and Catholic Firetnde; Gibson, Cavalier s Note-book; Tnuuaeliona of the Hittoric Society of lAincaehire and Cheshire; Cheetham Society. — Norrie Papem and Chauntrica of Ijancasltire; Haydodk Papers: Burkr. HxtAory of Catholic Liverpool, 1910; Blundbll, Croeby Reeorde; Challoner, Afiiunonaru PrieM»: Camm* Enalieh Martyrs; Crosby Records. — Harkxrke Burial RegiMer; Fishwick, History of Lancashire; Picton, Memorials of Liverpooi and Liverpool Municipal Records; Camdkn, Bri- tannia; Lbland, Itinerary; Mdir, History oj Liverpool, 1907; BAiifBSf Commerce and Town of Liverpool; Brooke, Liverpool aa n Waa; Dixon Soorr, Liverpool; Qillow, Bibl. Diet. ting. Caih,t fKUvtm. JaMEH Hughes.

XiviaSf a titular see in Palestina Prixna, suffragan of Ceaarea. It is twice mentioned in the Bible (Num., xxxii, 36; Jos., xiii, 27) under the name of Betharan. About 80 b. c. Alexander Jannaoiis cap> tured it from the King of the Arabs (Joiscphus, ''Ant. Jud.", XIV. i, 4); it was then called Betharamphtha. Somewhat later Herod Antipas, Tctrarch of (ialilce, fortified it with strong walls and called it Livias after the wife of Augustus; Josephus calls it Julias also, because he always speaks of the wife of Augustus as Julia r Ant.", XVni, ii, 1; "Bel. Jud.", IT, ix, 1). Nero gave it with its fourteen vilkigus t^ AKrii)pa the ■Younger (Josephus, " Ant. Jud.", XX, viii, 1), and tU©

Roman general Placidus captured it several yean later (Josephus, "Bel. Jud.", IV, vii, 6). From the time of Eusebius and St. Jerome the natives always called it Bethramtha. Lequien (Oriens Christ., Ill, 655) men- tions three bishops: Letoius, who was at Ephesus in 431; Pancratius, at Chalcedon in 451: Zacharias, at Jerusalem in 536. To-day Livias is kno\%ii as Tell- er-Rameh, a hill rising in the plain beyond Jordan,

about twelve miles from Jericho.

Reland, PaloBstina, 1 OJtrecht, 1714), 496; Heidbt in VioouBoux, Diet, de la Bible, a. v. Betharan,

S. VAILHf.

Livonia. See Mohileff, Diocese of.

Llancarvan, Glamorganshire, Wales, was a college and monasterj' founded apparently about the midcfle of the fifth century. Most Welsh writers assign it to the period of St. Germanus's visit to Britain in a. d. 447, statme further that the first principal was St. Dubric, or Dul>ricius, on whose elevation to the episcopate St. Cadoc, or Cattwg, succeeded. On the other hand the Life of St. Germanus, WTitten by Constantius, a priest of Lyons, alx>ut fifty years after the death of the saint, says nothing at all of any school founded by him or under his auspices, in Britain, nor is mention made of his presence in Wales. The other tradition, sup- ported uy the ancient lives of St. Gadoc, assigns the foundation of Llancarvan to that saint, which would place it about a century later than the former date. As, nowevcr, these lives confound two, or possibly three, saints of the same name, nothing really certain can be gathered from them. In the ** Liber Landavensis" the Abbot of Llancarvan appears not infrequently as a witness to various grants, out none of these is earlier than the latter part of the sixth century. The Abbot of Llancarvan assisted at a council held at LlandafT in 560, which passed sentence of excommunication upon Meurig, King of Glamorgan.

Cresst, Church Historjf of Brittany, or England (Rouen, 1068),

davmsis,ed. Rees (Ix>n(ioQ, 1840); Rkes, Essay on the Welsh Saints (London, 18.'i6), 176; Lives of the Cambro- British SainU, (h1. Reeh (Ix>ndon, 1853), 395; Williams, Biog. Diet. ofErriin' ent Welshmen (I>on(ion, 1852), 69; Nkdelec. Cambria Sacra (London. 1879), 376-116. G. RoGER HUDLESTON.

Llandaff, Ancient Diocese of (Landavensis). — ^The origins of this see are to be foimd in the sixth century monastic movement initiated by St. Dubricius, who presided over the monastery of Mo- chros. The saint made his disciple, St. Teilo, abbot of the daughter monastery of Llandaff, which after the retirement of Dubricius to Bardsey came to be the chief monastery. The abbots of Llandaff were in episcopal orders and SS. Teilo and Dubricius are re- ferred to as archbishops. The territory in which Llandaff was situated belonged to the kinc:s or chiefs of Morganwg or Gwent, who presented gifts of lands to the Church of Llandaff. The early title ''arch- bishop " implied only rule oyer other monasteries, and as the episcopate became diocesan it gave way to the usual style of bis^hop. The successors of St. Teilo long maintained absolute independence within their own territories, and the rights and privileges of the Church of Llandaff were extensive. The early history of the see, the chief authority for which is the "Boot of Llandaff" (Llyfr Teilo ^ leilo's book), is very ob- scure, and the oraer of the bishops uncertain, when St. Au^stine began the conversion of the Saxons in 597 he invited the British bishops io co-operate, but they refused and there was no communication be- tween the Celtic clergy and the Roman missionaries. Unfortunately this resulted in long enmitv between the Churches in Wales and in England. It was not till 768 that the Welsh clergy adopted the Roman use of Easter. From this time Welsn bishops and kings went on frequent pilgrimage to Rome, and reUtv^v^