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Toledo. lAter, in the nineteenth century, there was again a movement in favour of uniformity that abol- ished a number of surviving local customs in France and Germany, Ihough these affected the Breviarjr more than the Missal. Wc are now witnessing a simi- lar movement for uniformity in plainsong (the Vati- can edition). The Monastic Rite (used by the Bene- dictines and Cistercians) is also Roman in its orif^in. The differences between it and the normal Roman Rite affect chiefly the Divine Office.

7. Table of Litxtrgies. — We are now able to draw up a table of all the real liturgies used throughout the Cnristian world. The various Protestant Prayer- books, Agend^i Communionnservices. and so on, have of course no place in this scheme, because they all break away altogether from the continuit^r of liturgi- cal development; they are merely compilations of ran- dom selections from any of the old rites imbedded in new structures made by various Reformers. In the First Three Centuries: —

A fluid rite founded on the account of the Last Sup- per, combined with a Christianized synagogue service showing, however^ a certain uniformity ot type and gradually crystallizing into set form8. Of this type we have |>ernaps a specimen in the I.ituigy of the sec- ond and eighth books of the "Apostolic Constitutions". Since the Fourth Century: —

The original indetermined rite forms into the four mat liturg^ies from which all others are derived These liturgies are: I. Antioch.

1. Pure in the "Apostolic Constitutions" (in Greek).

2. Modified at Jerusalem in the Liturgy of St. James..

a. The Greek St. James^ used once a year by the

Orthodox at Zacynthus and Jerusalem.

b. The Syriac St. James, used by the Jacobites

and Syrian Uniats.

c. The Maronite Rite, used in Syriac.

3. The Chaldean Rite, used by Nestorians and Chal-

dean Uniats (in Syriac).

a. The Malabar Rite, used by Uniats and

Schismatics in India (in Synac).

4. The Byzantine Rite, used py the Orthodox and

Byzantine Uniats in various languages.

5. The Armenian Rite, used by Gregorians and

Uniats (in Armenian). n. Alexandria.

1. a. The Greek Liturgy of St. Mark, no longer used.

b. The Coptic Liturgies, used by Uniat and

schismatical Copts.

2. The Ethiopic Liturgies, used by the Church of

Abyssinia. ni. Rome.

1. The original Roman Rite, not now used.

2. The African Rite, no longer used.

3. The Roman Rite with Gallican additions used

(in Latin) by nearly all the Latin Church.

4. Various later modifications of this rite uscii in the

Middle Ages, now (with a few exceptions) abolished. IV. The Gallican Rfte.

1. Used once all over North-Westem Europe and in

Spain (in Latin).

2. The Ambrosian Rite at Milan.

3. The Mozarabic Rite, used at Toledo and Sala-

manca.

Cabrol and Lkclercq, Monumenta Ecchsia Liturgica, I, Rdiquim LUwrgiem vttuMianma (Paris, 1900-2); Bhigiitman, hUwrgie* EaUem and Wedem, 1. Eastern Lituroiea COxford. 1890) J DAKiEZi* Codex lAtwrgieu^ Ecclence vniveraa (4 vols., Leipsag, 1847-63); Rauschkn, Florilegtum Patrifaicum, VII. Montinunta eueharidiea d liturgica vftiutissima (Bonn, 1909); Funk. Patrea ApoaMiei (2 \-ols., Tiibingen, 1901), and Didai^ eaiia H ConsUtutioneg ApoBlolorum (Paderbom, 1905), the quo- tatiotm in this article are made from these editions: Probst, lAturgie der drei eralen ckriMl, Jahrh. (Tubingen, 1870); Idem, L«fvrv<« det vierien Jahr. u. deren Reform (MCnnter, 1893); Drewb, Unierauehungen tibrr die M>genannte cUrmcntin. Litunjie (TitbiuoeD. 1906); DucnEHNu:, Oriuinea <lu Culte chrH. (Pafw. 1898;; Kaubchen, EucharidU una Buis-mkramcnt in dm crs'

ten aeeha Jahrh. der Kirche (Freibuiig, 1908); Cabrol, Tjen On-

J lines litwrgigues (Paria, 196); Idem, Jntroduction aux Etudca iturgiauea (Paris, 1907). For further bibliography see articlcA on each iitunpr. For liturgical langu.igcs, a-.t well as liturgtcnl Bcionce, treating of the regulation, history, and dogmatic value of the Liturgy, eee Rites. AdiuaN FoRTESCUE.

Liutprand of Oremona (or Luidprako), bishop and historian, b. at the beginning of the tenth century: d. after 970. Liutprand belonged to a distinguished Lombard family in Northern Ituly and at an earlv ago went to the Court of Pavia, during the reign of Iving Hugo of Aries (926-45), whose favour he won by his wonderful voice. He received a sound education at the court school, and became a cleric; later he was deacon of the cathedral of Pavia. At lirst Liutprand stood in high favour with Berenger II of Ivrea and his consort, Willa. Berenger made him chancellor, and in 949 sent him as ambassador to the Emperor Con- stantino VII Porphyrogenitus. As both Liutpraud's father and stepfather had l)een sent as ambassadors to the Byzantine capital, and had formed many friend- ships there, he seemed well fitted for a mission of that kind. He took this opportunity to learn Greek, and made himself familiar with the history, organization, and life of the Byzantine Empire as his writings prove. Shortly after his return he (luarrelled with Berenger, and then went to the Court of Otto I of Germany. Otto joyfullv took Liutprand into his service, as a most useful agent in carrying out his plans regard- ing Italy. In 950 Liutprand met Bishop Kecemund of Elvira (Spain) at the German Court, and was asked by him to write a history of his time. In 058 he began this work at Frankfort, and though often interrupted by public business was occupied with it until 962. Wnen Otto Ix^camo King of Lom- bardy (961) he made Liutprand Bishop of Cremona, as a rewani for his services. After Otto had received the imperial crown at Rome (2 P'cbruary, 962) Liut- prand was often entrusted with important commis- sions, e. g., in 963 when he was sent as ambassador to John All at the beginning of the quarrel between the pope and the emperor, owing to the former's alliance with Berenger's son Adelbert. Liutprand also took part in the assembly of bishops at Home, 6 Novem])er, 963, "which deposed John XII (rj. v.). Liutprand describes from his point of view these events of 960-(>4, and sides entirely with the emperor, condemning the Komans very liarshly. After the death of the anti-pope, Leo VIII (965), Liutprand again went to Rome with Bishop Otgar of Si)ever, as the emperor's envoy, to conduct the election of a new pope, on which occasion John XIII was chosen. The Bishop of Cremona undertook another mission to Constantinople by order of the emperor in the summer of 968 to ask the Byzantine Emperor to Ix^stow his daughter in marriage on Otto's son, later Otto II.

In the autumn of 969 Liutprand carried letters to a sj'nod at Milan, from the emperor and the Roman synod in May of that year. The last aiithcn* tic information we have about him is in April, 970; he appears to have been pn^sent in Cremona, 15 April, 970 (Illst. patriae monumental. XXI, 36). A later account of the transfer of the relics of St. Hinicrius (Mon. Germ. Hist.: Script., Ill, 266) makes him take part in an embassy to Constantinople in 971 for the imix?rial princess, Theophano, bride of Otto II, and says that lie died during the journey. This is not ver>' credible. Liutprand wrote three historical works on the occa- sions already mentioned: (1) ** AntapKjdosis sive Res per Europam gestas'*, embracing from S87 till 950, dealing cnicflv with It^ilian history (ed. Pertz, in "Mon. Genn.' Hii>t. : Script.". Ill, *264-339; P. L., CXXXVI, 787-898). (2) "Historia Ottonis sive Lil)er de rebus gestis Ottonis imp. an. 96(V-964" (ed. Pertz, op. cit.. 340-46; P. L., CXXXVI. 897- 910; Watterich. "Vita3 Roman. Pont.*', 1. 49-6.3), an account of the journey of (!>tto I to Italy, the