Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 9.djvu/339

 LZTUBGICAL

302

LXTUBGIOAL

The revision of the plain song has not yet touched the Pontifical. When it does, tms will necessitate a new edition.

(c) The Breviaiy {Bremoriutn Romanum) contains all the Divine Office without chant. It has been re- vised by the same popes (Pius V, Clement VIII. Ur- ban Vlll, Leo XIIl) as the Missal. It begins with the Bulls, the chapter about the calendar, the paschal tables, tables of movable feasts, calendar, like the Missal. Then follow the general rubrics (RubrioB

?^enerale8 breviarii) in thirty-six chapters, giving ull directions for the recital of the office, occurrence of feasts, and so on. Further tables of occurrences, pravers to be said before and after the office, and a table of absolutions and blessings end the introduc- tory matter. The actual text begins with the psalter, that is the psalms arranged for the week, with their normal antiphons and hymns. First come Matins and Lauds for Sunday; then Prime, Terce, Sext, and None, then Matins and Lauds for each weekday. Af- ter Lauds for Saturday follow Vespers for each day, then Compline. This ends the Psalteriimi. The offices for each aay follow, arranged exactl^r as in the Missal (Proper of the season, Proper of saints. Common of saints, votive Offices and Offices for the dead, the supplement for certain places, and a local supple- ment). After the Office for the dead some extra- neous matter is inserted, namely the Gradual psalms, litany, prayers for the dying, blessing for the dying, grace at meals, and prayers for clerics on a journey. At the end of the whole book come the prayers before and after Mass and two private litanies (of the Holy Name and of the Blessed Virgin).

As the Breviary, in spite of its name, is now a very laige and cumbersome oook, it is generally issued in four parts (Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn). This involves a good deal of repetition; the whole Psalter occurs in each part, and all feasts that may overlap into the next part have to be printed twice. The first volume only (Winter, which begins with Advent) contains the general rubrics. It is now also usual to reprint the psalms that occur in the Common of saints instead of merely referring back to the Psalter. Many other parts are also reprinted in several places. On the number and judicious arrangement of these reprints depends the convenience of any particular edition of the Breviary. Already in the Miadle Ages the count- less manuscripts of the Breviary are fond of promising the purchaser that he will find all the offices complete without references ("omnia exscripta sine recursu", "tout le long sans recquerir")* a statement that the writer, after examining a great number of them, has never once found true. The chief book excerpted from the Breviary is the "Day Hours" (HorcB diumce breviarii romani), containing everything except Matins, which with its lessons forms the main bulk of the book. For singing in choir various books with music exist, repre- senting still more or less the state of thines before Breviaries were invented. The complete *' Liber Anti- phonarius" contains all the antiphons, hymns, and responses throughout the Office. From this again various excerpts are made. For the offices most com- monly sung m chtirches we have the Vesperal (Fes- P^o^ Romanum) f containing Vespers and Compline. The monastic orders (Benedictines, Cistercians, Car- thusians, etc.), the Dominicans, Franciscans, Pre- monstratensians, and several local dioceses still have their own Breviaries. For the various attempts at re- placing our Breviary by a radically reformea one (es- pecially that of Cardinal Quifi6nez in 1535) see the article Breviart and the histories of B&umer and BatifToL

(d) The Ritual (Riiuale Romanum) contains all the services a priest needs besides those of the Missal and Brevianr. This book especially was the least uniform in the Middle Ages. Almost every diocese had its own Ritual, or Agenda. Paul V issued in 1614 a book

meant to be used everywhere; Benedict XIV revised it in 1752. The Roman Ritual contains ten titles (tUuli) and an appendix nearly as big again as all the rest. Title I gives general directions for administering Sac- raments; II gives all the forms for baptism; Hi for penance; IV for the Holy Eucharist, V for extreme unction and the care of the sick: VI relates to fu- nerals and gives the Office for the aead from the Bre- viary; VII relates to matrimony; VIII contains a laiKe collection of blessi^^s for vanous objects; IX defus with processions; A with exorcisms and forms for filling up in the books of the parish (the books of bap- tism, confirmation, marriage, the state of souls, and the dead). The appendix (paged anew with aster- isks) gives additional directions for the sacraments, some decrees and prayers and a lai^ collection of blessings, first "unreserved", thenJbhose to be used only by priests who have a special faculty, those re- served to certain religious orders, and many "newest blessings". There is still a great want of uniformity in the use of this book. M^y countries, provinces, and dioceses have their own lutual or " Ordo admin- istrandi Sacramenta", etc.

(e) The Ceremonial of Bishops (Ccerimoniale Ejm- coporum) in spite of its title contains much mattef needed by other people than bishops. It is entirely a book of rubrical directions, succeeding the old ** Ordines Romani ". Much of it is already contained in the ru- brics of the Missal, Pontifical, ancl Ritual. It was first issued by Clement VIII in 1600, then revised by Inno- cent X (1650), Benedict XIV at various dates (finally 1752), and Leo XIII (1882). It has three books. The first contains general directions for episcopal func- tions, and for the bishop's attendants miaster of cere- monies, sacristan, canons, and so on). Then come full directions for everything connected with Mass. the altar, vestments, ceremonies, etc. ; finally the oraer of a synod. Book II is all about the Divine Office, its chanting in choir and all the ritual belonging to it, as well as certain special functions (the blessing of can- dles, ashes, palms, the Holy Week services, proces- sions, etc.). Book III is alx)ut various extra-uturgi- cal functions, visits of bishops to governors of prov- inces, solemn receptions and so on, finally conduct for cardinals. The book continually gives directions^ not only for bishops but for priests, too, at these fimctions. It is also here that one finds some of the most ordinary chants used bv any celebrant (e. g., the Dominus vo- biscum. Collects, I, 27; Confiteor, II, 39). The " C«re- moniale Episcoporum" is thus the official and indis- pensable supplement to the rubrics of the Missal, Breviary, Ritual, and Pontifical.

(f) The Memorial of Rites (Memoriale Riluum) or Little Ritual {Rituale parvum) is the latest of these official books. It gives directions for certain rites (the blessing of canSes, ashes, palms, the Holy Week services) in small churches where there are no minis- ters (deacon and subdeacon). The Missal always sup- poses the presence of deacon and subdeacon at these lunctions; so there was doubt and confusion about them when carried out by a single priest. Benedict XIII (1724-30) published this book m 1725 to remove the confusion in the smaller parish churches of Rome. Pius VII (1800-23) extended it to all small churches of the Roman Rite in 1821 . It is therefore the official norm for all such services without ordained ministers.

(g) The Martyrology (Martyr ologium Romanum) is an enlarged calendar giving the names and very short accounts of all saints (not only martyrs) commemo- rated in various places each day. The earliest known martyrologies go back to the fourth century. In the Middle Ages there were, as usual, many versions of the book. Our present Roman Martyrology was arranged in 1584 by Cardinal Baronius under Grgsory Xul, and revised four times, in 1628, 1675, 16S), and (by Benedict XIV) 1748. It is read m choir at Prime.

IV. LiTtJBGiCAL Books of Other Rites. — Of these