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oanticles and the Little Chapters are the only parts of the office that vary with the seasons. Pope Leo XIII granted (17 Nov., 1887), to those who recite the whole Office of Our Lady^ an indulgence dail^ of seven years and seven quarantmes, and a plenary indulgence once a month: to those who recite Matins and Lauds only, a daily indulgence of three hundred days: and (S Dec, 1897) to those who recite Vespers and Compline only, and for each Hour, an indulgence of fifty days.

BATirroL, HUtoire du br&viairc remain (Paris, 1893): Bau- MKti, Ge9chicMe des Brevierx (Freiburg im Br., 1895); Bishop, On tke Origin of the Primer in Littlehalkr, The Prymer or lay folk'a prayer book, II (Early English Text Society, Loadon, 1897): Dewicx, Facaimilea of Honx de Beata Maria Virmne from. jBnqliah MSS. of the Eleventh Century (Henry Bradshaw Dociety, London, 1902); Hoskins, Hora BealcB Maria Virginis, or Sarum and York Primera. . . and Primers of the Reformed Roman Uae (London, 1901); Taunton, The Little Office of Our Lady (London, 1903).

Leslie A. St. L. Toke.

Little Bock| Diocese op (Petriculana). — The State of Arkansas and the Indian Territory, parts of the Louisiana Purchase, were formed, 1843, into the Diocese of Little Rock. In the seventeenth and eigh- teenth centuries there was no significant church work done in Arkansas. The white population in 1785 was 196 and in 1799 only 368. Bishop Duhourg (1820) visited the Osage Indians and, after him, Father Croix. Under Bishop Rosati, the Lazarists, from their semi- nary at the Barrens, Missouri, did praiseworthy mis- cdonary work (1824-30) among the Indians and scattered whites. The most noted secular priest of these times was Rev. Richard Bole, who estabh'shed St. Mary's Mission, five miles below the present Pine Bluff, and brought there, 1838, from St. Genevidve, Missouri, five sisters of Loretto, who opened the first Catholic school in Arkansas. Rev. Andrew Byrne, pastor of St. James's Church, New York City, was consecrated the first bishop, 10 March, 1844.

Bishop Byrne, bom in Navan, Ireland, 5 Dec., 1802, and ordained by Bishop England at Charleston, South Carolina, 11 Nov., 1827, brought from New York to Arkansas Fathers Corry of Albany and Donohoe of Troy, New York. All the priests of the earlier dajrs had gone. The Catholic population of the diocese was not more than 1000. Bisnop Byrne secured from Naas, Ireland, thirteen Sisters of "Mercy, who estab- lished, 1850, St. Mary's Academy at Little Rock, and, 1851, St. Ann's Academy at Fort Smith. An impos- ing frame cathedral was erected in Little Rock, and modest structures were built in sevcnil parts of the State. During the Civil War, 1861-05, cliurch work was paralyzed. Bishop Byrne died on 10 June, 1862. The diocese remained sede vacante, with Very Rev. P. O'Reilly, V.G., as administrator until 3 Feb., 1867, when Rev. Edward Fitzgerald, pastor of St. Patrick's Church, Columbus, Ohio, became bishop. Bishop Fitz- gerald, preconized on 22 June, 1866, and consecrated on 3 Feb., 1867. was bom in 1833, at Limerick, Ireland. He entered the Lazarist Seminary at the Barrens, Mis- souri, in 1850, and was sul>sequently a student at Mount St. Blary's, Cincinnati, and Mount St. Mary's, Ilnmiitsburg, where he was ordained in 1857 hy Archbishop Purcell. Bishop Fitzgerald found in his diocese four parishes, five priests, and a Catholic popidaticm of 1600. He began work to secure Cath- olic immigration for the State, sisters for schools and jmests for missions. Benedictine monks from St. Bieinrad, Indiana, came in 1876 to Logan County and soon flotirishing German settlements arose. The floly ^ Ghost Fathers of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, eBtaDlished in 1879 successful German colonies near Mcnrrilton. A Polish settlement was made at Marche in 1880, and Italians came later to Sunnyside, Tonti- town, New Gascony, and Barton. Bishop Fitzgerald dedicated, 27 May, 1894, the first church in Arkansas for coloured people, at Pine Bluff, where there had been established an excellent industrial school, now

in care of the Colored Sisters of the Holy Family. Monsignor John B. Morris, V.G., of Nashville, Tennes- see, was consecrated Coadjutor Bishop of Little Rock. 11 June, 1906,' and on the death of Bishop Fitzgerald assumed full control.

Bishop Fitzgerald died in 1907. when there were in the diocese: 41 churches witn resident priests; 32 missions with churches; 26 secular priests, and 34 religious; 272 sisters; a Catholic popluation of 20,000, and good financial conditions. The Indian Territory, since it was created a vicariate in 1801, ceased to be part of the Diocese of Little Rock. Bishop Morris, who assumed control of the diocese, 1907, was bom at Hen- derson ville, Tennessee, 29 June, 1866. His theological studies were made at the American College, Rome, and he was ordained priest on 11 June, 1892, in the Basilica of St. John Lateran, by Cardinal Parocchi. After several years' rectorship of the cathedral, Nash- ville, Bishop Byrne appointed him, 1901, vicar- general, and in 1905 Pius X elevated him to the rank of domestic prelate. In the three years of his incum- bency Bishop Morris has opened Little Rock College (1908) at a cost of $50,000, and St. Joseph's orphan asylum on a tract of 720 acres, completed at a cost of $150,000. The first diocesan synod was held on 16 Feb., 1909, at Little Rock, and the firs^ normal school of instruction for Catholic teachers was inaugurated at Little Rock, 11 June, 1909.

Gatarre. French Domination (New Oileans, 1845); Ideu, Spanish Domination (New Orleuis, 1845); Idem, American Domination (New Orleans, 1845); Pope, A Tour of the United

dciphia, 1821); Pope, Early Days in Arkansas (Little Rock, 1895); Washburn, Reminiscences of the Indians (Richmond, 1860); Parkman, works; Bancroft, History of the United States (Boston, 1879); Reynolds, Alakcrsof Arkansas History (New York and Boston. 1905); Hemrtead„ School History of Ar- kansas (New Orleans. 1889); Suinn. ScJiool History of Ar- kansas (Richmond, IQOO); Rozier, History of the Mississippi Valley (St. Louis, 1800); Jewell, History of the Methodut Church in Arkansas (Little Rock, 1898); Publications of the Arkansas Historical Association, I, II (Little Rock. 1008); Hal- liburton, History of Arkansas County ^ Arkansas (Dewitt,1909); Shea, History of the Catholic Church (New York, 1892).

J. M. LUCET.

Littr^i pAUii-MAXiMiLiEN-EBnLE, French lexicog- rapher and philosopher; b. at Paris, 1 February, 1801; d. there, 2 June, 1881. He studied at the Ly- c^e Louis-le-Grand, Paris, and after graduating with honours, he became secretary to Count Dam. He then studied medicine and he was about to obtain his degree, when his father died and he was compelled to abandon his studies to make a living for his mother, by teaching Greek and Latin for a time. Although he could not ])e a physician, he was interested in medical studies throughout his life. His first publications deal with medical subjects: *' Le cholera oriental" (Paris, 1832), "Les grandes 6pid6mies", an article published in the " Revne des Deux Mondes" (Paris, 183G), " Les opuvTes d'histoire naturelle de Goethe " (1838). He founded with Dezeimeris a medical magazine, " L'Ex- perience" (1837), and translated the "Natural His- tory" of Pliny the Elder (Paris, 1848), the "Hand- book of Physiology" by Miiller (Paris, 1851), and issued a revised edition of Pierre N'vsten's "Diction- naire de M4decine et do Chirurgie" (Paris, 1854). From 1839 to lvS(51, he published a translation of the works of Hippocrates. On acc^imt of his researches in the scientihc field, he was elected to the Acad6mie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 1839. While pursuing his scientific studies, he was greatly inter- ested in politics. In 1831, having been introduced to Armand Carrel, he had l)ecome a regular contributor to the newspaper "Le National" and retained tliat posi- tion up to the Revolution of 184S. Realizing that the political movement was no longer in accordance with tiis own ideas, he severed his connexions with "Le National" and devoted his entire time tQ l\\s«AiVi^\s»»