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 LITTA 293 UTTA

4 Bfiaxt)h he ^raa married to Hedwig and crowned King Only the war against the Teutonic Order, in 14999 Consort and Regent of Poland. brought the two peoples together Once more. Eiren Ab the result of this union between Lithuania and after the death ot Alexander, in 1501, there still re- Poland, a mighty Christian kingdom arose in Eastern mained a powerful party in favour of independence: Europe. Lithuania itself, three times as large as these found support m Russia, which, from the time oi Pdand, but far below it in culture, ceased to be inde- Ivan III (1462-1505), had been growing in power. The pendent, but it was now for the first time brought threatened separation, however, and the daily increas- mto immediate contact with Western civilization, ing evidence that Russia was to be the chief rival of In 1387 Jagello returned to his home, accompanied by Poland in Eastern Europe, led to a reaction among the missionaries. He won the good will of the nobles Poles. They recognizcxi the ui*gent necessity of ex {hayara) for Christianity by granting them, on 20 changing a deceptive union for a genuine unity of the February, the same liberties as were tnen enjoved by whole Polish Einpire. Four previous diets having the Catholic nobles in Poland. A see was established vainly sought a solution of the problem, that assem- at Wilna, and Vasylo, a Polish Franciscan, appointed bled at Liiblin in 1569 at last affected the Union of its first bishop. The Russian portions of Lithuania Lublin. The union was proclaimed in July of the (Kiev, Tchemigoff, etc.) remained Greek Orthodox, same year, and confirmed on oath by both parties. but the Samoghitians continued for some time longer Henceforth, Poles and Lithuanians formed one king- to be pagans. To strengthen the internal union dom, with one king elected in common, with a com- between the peoples, Polish law was conc(H:led only mon diet, a common mint, etc.; of its earlier indcpen- to the Catholic Lithuanians in the Constitution (U dencc, Lithuania retained its own administration, its 1387y and marriage with the Greek Orthodox was own finances, and its own army. Thereafter, Lithu- forbidden. At first the relation l>ctwe(m Lithuania ania i^ared the fate of Poland, although in 1648 one and Poland was simply a personal union. Jagello section of the Lithuanians of Little Russia — ^the Uk- retained for himself the princely dignitv^ but ap- raine — separated from Poland and, in 1C54, made

gointed a governor for Lithuania — first his brother their submission to the Tsar of Russia. The various

kirgello and then, from 1392 to 1430, his cousin partitions of Poland resulted in the larger portion of

Witold. His endeavour to maintain this relation of Lithuania being ceded to Russia, the smaller to Prufl-

independencc towards the Polish Crown was rendered sia.

abortive by his defeat at the hands of the Tatars in (Sec also Greek Catholics in America; Greek

1399, which compelled him to enter into closer rela- Church; Easterx Churches.)

tions with the Poles. In 1401 the political union of I'^o'* a complete biblicwraphy of Lithuania conault Beltra-

the kingdoms took place; Lithuania was to be inde- J|^i^^r™A'^«frpSA'a'^1'ior!^-ll^lt^'£,U21!

pendent as long as Witold lived, but W^as then to be Oesch. von LUauen ala rinm eigenen GroMfarstentum bis zum

annexed to the Crown of Poland: Witold and the J^^/e /ft5d CHaUe. 1785); Narbut, p«Anc«r^

Kovona *./>olr fhn oafh nf n11omnnr«f» «n«^1 fV»<» PrilUli Lilhuaman People (Vilna, 1835) (Polish); Theiner, VeUrQ

bOVara took the oatn Ol allegiance, and the i'OllSh Monum, PoUmia et Lithuania hist, Ulw^rantia (3 vols.. Rome,

noblhty promised to support the Lithuanians, and, 1860-6.0; Antonwitsch, Historical Sketch of the Grand Duchy

after Jagello's death, to elect no king without first of Lithuania (Kiev, 1878) (Russian); BATiNBCHicow.FrAtte

j»^..<»«u;n(» 4liA*Yi RuMia and Lithuania (St. Petenbuix. 1890) (Russian); BrCck-

OOnsuiUng tnem. ...,,„.. ner AnoVnt LtV/* uama (Waraaw, 1904) (Polish); ToronArm.

Besides their common warfare against the TeutOmC Die Li'aurr unter drm Konio Mindowe hi* zum Jahre 1263 (Fii-

Order, the fusion of the two peoples was furthered by *>ou»K. iws); Lelkwel, //t^ rfe fa LtjAuanic (Paris, 1861);

«lia AooomKlv i\f T^ retf\A\e\ f\r\ ♦Vio Knir in ^±^'X «f itrKi'oVt AUaem. Ittauuche Rundschau (Tilsit, 1900 — ). See also works

tbe Assembly of norodlO on the aug. m 14 1 .j, at ^v hich ^^ Polaml, wpecinUy Roepli.l and Caro, Gcech. Polma (5 vols.,

the earlier union was renewed, and a large numl)er Hjunbure and Ootha. 1840-88) (reaching to 1506);Schiemann,

of the Ldthuanian boyars were admitted into the Polish?«f«?,a>'««<' "• ^^^J'^^pj'^ J* '^- '^J^T^- Q; ^'P^VoS^f^

noWBtv. receiving identical privileges. Furthermore iK.l^HS^^sC^l"" <^<'"' »"<* '- ^°*- ^»««>- -

both the Polish and the Lithuanian nobility received Joseph IjINS.

from the kin^ the right of convoking assemblies and

parliaments in the interests of the kingdom with the Litta,anoblo Milanese family which gave two dis-

permission of the prince. For the Lithuanians^ whose tinguishcd cardinals to the Church.

government had previously been absolute, this right L Ali-xjnso Litta, Archbishop of Milan, b. in 1608;

meant a constitution — even though oligarcliical — by (L at Rome, 22 Aug., 1679. Aft^r filling other im-

means of which they could readily make their influ- portant positions, he was appointed governor of the

ence felt in the affairs of the nation. . But the di\'ision Marches by Innocent X, was made Archbishop of

between Catholics and Greek Orthodox in the Little Milan in 1652, and received the pui-plo in 1640. He

Russian districts still continued. To heal this, Witold died shortly after the conclave whSch elected Innocent

laboured for ecclesiastical union between the two sec- XL He was a learned and charitable man and de-

tions of the people. In 1415 he summoned an Ortho- fended with courage the ecclesiastical immunities

dox synod at Nowohorodok, which declar'.'d the Lithu- against the officers of the King of Spain. His works

anian Orthodox Church, \i'ith its Metropolitan of Kiev, are enumerated by Argelati in the "Bibliotheca

independent of the Patriarch of Moscow. In 1 41 8 he Scriptonim Mediolanensium'' TMilan, 1745); his life

sent Greggory Camblak (or Cemiwlak), Metropolitan of was written by M. Bardocchi (bologna, 1691).

Kiev, with eighteen suffragan bishops, to the Council XL Lorenzo Litta, b. at Milan, 25 Feb., 1756; d. at

of Constance to conclude a union with Rome, and to Monte FLavio, 1 May, 1820. A distinguished llU&a^

secure, in return for their recognition of papal suprem- teur, he plaved a prominent part in contemporary

acy, the retention of the Slavic Liturgy and Rite, ecclesiastical history. As a youth he was sent oy his

The mission failed, however, nor were the negotiations parents to the Clementine College in Rome, where he

at the Council of Florence in 1439 more successful. It made rapid progress in letters and law. Not long

was, indeed, only about 150 years later, at the S^nod of after the completion of his studies he was made pro-

Brest-Ldtovsk (1595-96), that the union of the Little thonotiry Apostolic by Pius VI. In 1793 he was con-

Ruaaian, or Ruthenian, Church with Rome was ac- secrated titular Archbishop of Thebes, and sent as

oomplished (see Union op Brest). nuncio to Poland, where he arrived in March, 1794,

ReUgiouB divisions and the establishment of Polish shortly before the outbreak of the revolution Not-

garrisons in Lithuania, created a state of feeling which, withstanding the diflSculty of his own position, he used

after Witold's death, manifested itself in repeated re- his influence with Kosciuszko on Ix^half of the Church

bellions. The union was formally dissolved when, on a^id churchmen, and siivwl the life of Monsignor

the death of Casimir IV, in 1492, ♦he Lithuanians chose Skarzewski, Bishop of Chelm, already condemned to

his fourth son, Alexander, as their grand-duke, and death, thoug}i he was not so successful with regard to

the Poles dected his third son, John Albert, their king, the Bishop of Wilna and Livonia. In the negot iat ion«