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 LIPSAHOTHKOA. 2

the first in Rome to join the " OruWrio delJa C&riti" founded by St. Cajetan of Ticnc. and composed of dutinguishcd men, who in the Roman Curiai were the leaven of Chuich reform, and afterwards took a prominent part in the Council of Trent. He waa consecrated titular Bishop of Methone (1538), and appointed coadjutor to his uncle Pietro Lippomano, Bishop of Bergamo, who was also active in Catholic reform. When Pietro was transferred to Verona (1544), Luigi accompanied him and succeeded him in that see in 1548, whence he waa transferred to Ber- gamo in 1558. In 1542 Paul Iff sent him as nuncio to Portugal to announce the convocation of the Coun- cil of Trent, where he arrived in 1547 and was com- missioned to present to the pope the reasons for trans- ferrin the council to Bologna. In 1548 he was sent with Bertano and Pighi to Germany. From 1651 be waa one of the presidents of the council until its suspension (25 April, 1552); during that period the dogmatic decri?es on the Eucharist, penance, and extreme unction were pub- lished, OS well as several de- crees on reform. In 1556 Paul IV sent him as nuncio to Po- land, where, on account of hia lively opposition to the pre- tensions of the Protestant no- bility, his life was fre<|ueutly threatened. After hia return to Rome he remained in the Curia until his death. Amid his numerous of&cial duties, he did not neglect his studies, which, however, he directed towards spiritual edifieatic)n. Thus he wrote "Catena? in Geneain" (Paris, 1546), "In Exodum" (Paris. 1550)— both works republished at Rome in 1557; " ConRrmazione e sta- bitimento di tutti ti dop^ni cattolici . . . contro i novatori'' (Venice, 1553). His chief work was " Sanctorum priscorum patrum \it(e" (8 vols., Venice, 1551-60; 2 vols., Louvam. 1564), for which lir cngagc<l the services of many learned men, and himself, on his travels, searched libraries and archives. This collec- tion gave a great impulse to scientific and opened the way for Suriiis and the BolE

FosCMUKI. Ddla iBtleralura Hnifa (Venice. 1854); Uohelu, JloJiuucra. IV(^nded.),4D7-U: iiinKSKnln Kirchenltx.. a. v.; Diaria Cant. TVi'd.. I-II (Freiburg. 1901-4), pauim.

U. Benigni. Lipsanotheca, a term sometimes used aynony-

Lipsius, Justus (Josse Lips), philologian ami humanist of the Netherlands, b. at Overyssche, 13 Oct., 1547;d. at Louvain, 23 March, 1606. Descended from an illustrious family, he studied first at Ath, and afterwards at the Jesuit College, Cologne. He wished to enter the Society of Jesus on 20 Sept., 1562, and become a novice. But this displeased his father, who recalled him and sent him to study law and literature at Louvain. In this university Pierre Nannius (Nan- ninck) had established in the Collegium Trilingue a fine seminary of philology-, which was at the time di- rectetl by Valerius (Cormeille Woutcrs). There Lip- ■iuB found comiMinions such as Loujs Carrion, Jean Douaa, Martin Delrio, Andrf! Schott. He ardently

UPSXQS

took up the emendation and critical examination of Latin texts, especially of Cicero, Propertiua, and Varru, and. as earl^ aB.1566, had collect«d three books of "Varis Lectiones", which were published in 15G0 at Antwerp, dedicated to Cardinal Gr&nvelle. The latter, who was in Home, made bim his Latin sceretaiy (1560-70). Lipsius returned to Louvain, but left it aeainln 1571, alarmedby the government of the Duke of Alba. He made a more or less prolonged stay at Li^ge, Dole, Vienna, and Jena. In the last city he be- came a Lutheran, and, all through tjie constant changes of confessions of faith and religious ten- dencies, he was careful to be constantly with the mas- ters of the moment. On a visit to Cologne he met a widow, a native of Louvain, and marriedher although she was older than he (1573). She refused to accom- pany him to Jena and he resided his profeaaorship there in February, 1674. Set- tled at Clologne he supervised the publication of his "Taci- tus '' (Antwerp, 1574). He was the first scholar to diffo- entiat« the "Annals" from the "Histoid", and although he did not have access to the prin- cipal manuscripts — the two Hedicean MSS . — he introduced in bis text over 450 emenda- tions, which have been ac- cepted by all subsequent edi- tors. It was ordy much later, for his fourth edition (1605), that he became acquainted with these manuscripts through thePichenaeclition(1600). He also deserves commendation forhis use of inscriptions in the explanation of texts. At the same time appeared " Antiqun lectiones" (Antwerp. 1575), miscellaneous criticisms de- voted mainly to Plautus, to the fragmentary works of archaic authors, or to Pro-

Lipsius was lecturing at Louvain during the following years (1576-77), but the vic- tory of Don John of Austria forced him to go over to Lev- den where he taught in the newly founded university (1578-91). During this period he publi^ed collections of his letters, new conjectures, antiquarian dissertations, and two new editions of Tacitus with an historical commen- tary. Apart from the philological works, he composed treatises on politics and etlucs; of these the treatise on constancy (De Constantia, Antwerp, 15S4) is the best known, and has had thirty-two editions, without includin, the translations. However, Leydni waa not favourable to his health, and he and hia wife regretted their native town. He had already made an attempt to get away in 15S6. The States and the city did their utmost to detain him. In 1590 Dirk Coom- Iiert pubhcly called upon him to take sides irt the re- ligious controversies. Lipsius ane^i-ered evasively and tried to dissemble. Finally, he left the city and be- came recr-'-iled with Catholicism in the Jesuit Chapel at Maim (April, 1591). He went to Spain in search of health, and during a sojourn at Li^e he prepar«d new worka, drew from a pealter of the nmtn century Frankish bIosscs of great interest, and was finally for- given for his stay in an heretical country rebellious to the KinK of Spain. From that time began a new per- iod in Lipsius s life. Coldly received at first by tt~ ~