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 LIPARI

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LIPPE

diocese is the new Gothic cathedral of the Immacu- late Conception, built from the plans of the Cologne architect, Vincenz Statz. It was begun in 1862 and consecrated in 1905; the tower, 443 feet high, was finished in 1902. The old cathedral, originally the church of the Jesuits, was built in the Barocco style between 1669 and 1682. There are several old col- legiate churches (St. Florian, Kremsmiinster, Mond- see, Lambach, Garsten, Reichersberg, Wilheringetc.), originally built in the Romanesciue period and nearly all rebuilt in the seventeenth ana eignteenth centuries in the Barocco style. The most important churche^s in the Barocco stvle of architecture are the collegiate churches of St. f^lorian (1636-1745), and of Baum- cartenberg (rebuilt 1684-1718). The most important building of the Gothic period are the parish church at Ste>T (begun in 1443), with a tower 263 feet high, and the church of the hospital at Braunau on the Inn (1439-92), with a tower 300 feet high. A work of sculpture celebrated in the history of art is the hi^h altar at St. Wolfgang carved by Michael Pacher m 1481.

PiLLWEiN, Gesch., Gfoar. u. StaiUtik des Erzhenogtums Oetter- reich ob der Enns (5 vols., Linz, 1827-39); Urkundenbuch dea Landes ob der Enna (9 vols., Linz, 1852-1906); Hittmair, Ouch, des Bistums Lira (Linz, 18i85); Die Oestcrreich-Un-

Sirische Monarchic in Wort und Bild, \1: Oberosterreich und ahburg (Vienna, 1889); Kolb. Marianiaches Oberosterrrich (Linz, 1889); Hittmaih, Der joaephipiache Kloeterslurm im Lande ib der Enna (Freiburg, 1907); Pachinger, Dcia Linzer Bistum (linz, 1907); Rettenbacher, Daa biaclUifiiche Priea- teraeminar der Difictae Linz (linz, 1907); Archiv fiir Geach. dea

Bialuma Linz (Linz, 1904 — ), supplement to the diocesan news- paper; SchenuUiamua der Geiatltchkeit der Didceae Linz fur 1910 (Luiz, 1910).

Joseph Lins. Lipari. See Messina, Diocese of.

Lippe, one of the Confederate States of the German Empire. The occasioiial use of the designation ' * Lippe Detmold^' so called after the chief town, to distin- guish it from Schaumberg Lippe, is legally inaccurate. It comprises 469 sq. miles and consists of a larser divi- sion lymg between the Prussian Provinces of. Westphar lia and Hanover, including the ancient Countships of Lippe, Schwatonbcrg, and Sternberg and, in addition, of the three exclaves of Grevenhagen, Lipperode, and Cappel, lying in Prussian territory. The principalitv origmated as an immediate suzerainty of the twelfth century, belonging to the lords of Lippe who, in 1529, were coimts of the empire. In 1807, by taking part in the Rhenish Confederation the country achieved inde-

gendence and at the same time became a principality, ince 1815 it had belonged to the German Confedera- tion. In the German War of 1866 Lippe sided with Prussia and became a part of the North German Con- federation, and in 1871 of the German Empire. A contest for the throne which had lasted for years was finally settled in 1905, since when Leopold IV (b. 1871) has bJeen reigning prince. In the census of 1 Decem- ber, 1905, the returns showed 145,577 inhabitants, of whom 5,481 were CathoUcs; 139,127 Protestants; 229 other Christians; 735 Jews, and five members of other religions. The Catholics increased from 2.4% to 3.8% of the population between 1871 and 1905.

From the time of the Reformation the greater part of the country has belonged to the Diocese of Pader- bom, smaller portions to Muiden and Cologne. The Reformation obtained its first foothold in Lemgo, at that time the most important town in the principality. The ruler, Simon V, in vain endeavoured to suppress the new doctrines. His son and successor, Bernard VIII (1536-63), a minor, was educated a Lutheran. He forced a Lutheran ritual upon the country in 1538. Simon VI (1563-1613) confirmed the reformed doc- trines (Calvinism) in 1605, which ever since then have prevailed in the countrj'. Only the city of Lemgo re- mained Lutheran, in spite of a struggle carried on for ten years with great oitteniess l>etween the princes and the city. During the last decade of the nine-

teenth century, however, the number of Calvinists, even in Lemgo, has exceeded that of the Lutherans. After the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 by which reli- gious matters were settled, the establishment of the Reformation in Lippe was substantially accomplished. In spite of the axiom ''cujus regio, ejus religio", and of much persecution and many struggles, there re- mained a small number of Catholics in Lippe all through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, notably a convent at Falkenhagen established in 1228 and belonging first to the Cistercians,- then to the Wil- liamites, and since 1432 to the Knights of the Ooss. It was confiscated in 1596, though its possessions fell to the Paderlx)m Jesuits and only after the Papal sup- pression of the order, to the reigning house. W ith the assistance of the Jesuits, particularly Father Tonne- mann, the confessor of Charles IV, the reigning count in 1720 obtained the rank of prince, but he did not as- sume this title because the exchequer could not defray the dues, notwithstanding the fact that, through Fa- ther Tonnemann's exertions, they were reduced from 20,000 to 5773 gulden. The letters patent granting the princely title were not redeemed until 1789.

A Catholic community grew up in Lemgo in the eighteenth centur}^ Here in 1774 the Catholics were ^iven the right to practise their religion privately, and m 1786 openly, though mider many restrictioitt. After 1672, when the Catholics of the neighbouring Countship of Ravensburg, which had belonged since 1609 to Brandenburg-Prussia, received their ridit to public worship, the Franciscans from Bielef ela took charge of the Catholics in Lippe, though able to per- form religious duties only in secret. NominalK^ the Catholics (as w^ell as Lutherans) were allowed free practice of their religion and given full political and civil rights, through their country's participatioii in the Rhenish (1807) and the German (1815) Confedeia- tions. As a matter of fact, the situation remained un- changed. The control of livings exercised by the Gsl- vinists continued in force. In 1821 the F^pal Bull erbom the Lippian parishes of Cappel, Lipperode, and Lippstadt, which had pre viously oelonged to Cologne without producing any ensuing agreement with the State. As a result of this Bull, the Bishop of Fader- bom continued as he had formerly done, in spite of numerous protests from the Government, to interest himself in all the Catholics of the coimtry, whose num- ber had greatly increased through immigration.
 * De salute animarum'', made over to the See of Fsd-

In the sovereign edict of 9 March, 1854, owing in no small degree to the fairmindedness of the first cabinet minister, Laurenz Hannibal Fischer, the Catholic Church was placed on an equality with the state Cal- vinist religion. The Lutherans obtained the same status on 15 March, 1854. The diocesan rights of the bishops of Paderbom were recognized. The bishop pre- sented the livings, though the sovereign could reject an unacceptable candidate. The parish priest was obliged to take the oath of allegiance to the prince and hisdy- nastv. In mixey agreement between the parents. Should nothing be aiscussed or decided in the marriage settlements, the children without regard to sex must be brought up in the fa- ther's faith. In order to elucidate this measure be- yond doubt, the State passed the ordinance of 7 Octo- ber, 1857, which decreed that ant-e-nuptial agreements or promises were, from a legal standpoint, null and void. The mixed marriages liave resulted in a larger numljer of Protestant than of Catholic children. In other respects the legislation concerning marriage cor- responds throughout to that in the civil code of the German Empire. With regard to sepulture, the Catholics are free to use the general cemeteries or to open special ones fr)r themselves. If Catholics have obtained right of sepulture in a non-Catholic ceme- tery, the use of the liturgy of their Church is permitted