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Rome and to Madrid in order to obtain justice against •the chapter of Maestricht, which had refused to execute the regulations concerning the episcopal endowment, as well as to confer with the Holy Father and the king upon the measures necessary for the safeguarding of the Faith in the Low Countries. Returning to Rure- mondc, with the help of Philip II, he founded the royal seminary or college at Lou vain, for the education of yoimg clerics. Lmdanus went to Rome again in 1584 to treat of the interests of his diocese and of the state of the Church in the Low Countries and in Germany, and he insisted particularly upon the urgent necessity of replying in a scientific way to the Centuriators of Magaeburg. His work in Ruremonde was now brought to a close by his elevation to the See of Ghent, where he began his new episcopal duties on 22 July, 1588, and where three montiis later, he passed away. Among his nimierous works the following are especi- ally worthy of mention: "De optimo scripturas inter- {>retandi genere" (Cologne, 1558); **Panoplia evange- ica" (ColcjKne, 1560); *' Stromatum libri III pro defensione 0:>ncilii Tridentini (Colore, 1575); "Missa apostolica" (Antwerp, 1589), and m a more popular form, the dialogues, *'Dubitantius'* and " Ruwaroius " (Cologne, 1562-3). He edited also the academic dis- courses of Ruard Tapperus (1577-78), aad he wrote many works in Dutch for the instruction of his flock, in oraer to keep them from Protestantism and to refute

the Confession of Antwerp of 1566.

Havensius, De eredione novorum in Belgio epiacopatuum CologDe, 1609); Kuippenberg, Historia eccUnoMlica ducatuM 'Helria (BruBscls, 1719); Holun, HiMoire chnmologique dea ivfques de Gand (Ghent, 1772); Lamy in Annitaire de Vttnivernti caiholique de Louvain (1860), 98; Claessens, ibid. (1871), 299; WELTEifs in Publicationa de la SociHi hiMortgue et archiologiqtu dana le duchi de Limbourg, XXVII (Maestricht. 1890), 225; Brom. ibid., XXIX (1892), 277; Van Veen, ibid., XUV (1908). 149; Thus in De Katholiek, CXXV iheydea and Utrecht, 1904). 435. H. DE JONGH.

Linda, Justin Timotheus Balthasar, Freihebr VON, Hessian jurist and statesman, b. in the village of Brilon, Westphalia, 7 Aug., 1797; d. at Bonn during the night of 9-9 June, 1870. His father, who was a barrister, died when Justin was only three years old; this occurrence, and the fact that the widow had to support four children in war times, darkened in a meas- ure the youth of the unusually talented boy. After he had completed his gymnasium studies at Amsberg (1816), he devoted himself with great zeal and success to the study of jurisprudence at the universities of Miinster, Gottingen, and Bonn. In the last-men- tioned he received the doctorate (1820), and qualified in 1821 as university tutor. Two years later he was called to Giessen, where, as extraordinary (1823), and subsequently as ordinary professor of law (1824-9), he attracted numbers of students, and became distin- guished through his learned publications. In 1829 he was called to Darmstadt, as ministerial counsel {Minis- terialrat), and was later (1832) named director of the Board of Eklucation. The year 1883 found him Chan- cellor of the University of (jiessen. Soon after (1836) he was named pri\y councillor, and 1839 brought him a patent of nobility. After repeated request*, he was permitted to retire with a pension in 1847. In 1848 he was a member of the Frankfort Parliament and in 1850 of the Parliament of Erfurt, and from the latter year he acted as Prince Lichtenstein's ambassador to the Carman Diet — from 1863 he also represented the elder line of Reuss and Hesse-Homburg — until its dissolu- tion in 1866. The wTeck of his political ideals, es- poused by him with preat warmth, was not without effect upon Linde's mind and temper. His former al- most inexhaustible capacity for work was broken, as well as his wonderful cheerfulness. He withdrew al- most entirely to his countrv seat, Dreys, and during a visit to one of his sons at Bonn he was carried away by a stroke of apoplexy in 1870.

In his younger days he was, in politics, friendly to

Prussia (cf. his " Rede Uber den Geburtstag dee Kdnigs von Preussen ", Soest, 1816), and in religion somewhat Josephinistic. Gradually, however, he developed into a strong particulariat, as well as a Lealous chtunpion of the rights and claims of the Church, although ne did not succeed in winning the entire confidence of the strict Catholic party. To Linde is due the establish- ment of the Catholic theological faculty in the Univer- sity of Giessen, in which many excellent men laboured —;among others the well-known ecclesiastical historian Riff el (q. v.), who later quarrelled with Linde. For the erection of a church in the same place especial thanks are due to him. His orthodoxy is unqu^ion- able. Linde's numerous official reports have still to be collected from the archives; most of his pamphlets are forgotten, although many are of permanent value. The best collection of liis intellectual productions is given by Schulte in the '' Allgemeine deutsche Biogia- phie", s. V. "Linde" (XVIII, 671). The most mi- portant and extensive of these works are: " Abhand- Iimgen aus dem C^vilprozess'' (2 vols., Bonn, 1823-9): "Lehrbuch des deutschen gemeinen Civilproxess^' (7th ed., Bonn, 1850); "Archiv far das offentliche Recht des deutschen Bundes'' (4 vols., Giessen, 1850-

63).

In addition to the works mentioned in the text, oooAilt Linde in Kirchenlex.f b. v.; Short notices ai« also found in the encyclopedias of Brockbaus, Pibrer, etc.

PlUB WlTTMANN.

•

Lindemann, Wilhelm, a (]!atholic historian of Ger- man literature, b. at Schonnebeck near Essen, 17 December, 1828; d. at Niederkruechten near Erke- lenz (Rhine Province) 20 December, 1879. He at- tendeid the gymnasium at Essen; studied theology at Bonn from 1848 to 1851, and was ordained in Colore, 2 September, 1852. He was rector of the municipal high school of Heinsberg from 1853 to 1860, then parish -priest at Rheinbreitbach, and later at Ven- rath from 1863 to 1866, when he became pastor of Nieder-Kruechten, and so remained till his death. From 1870 to 1879 he served as a member of the Prus- sian Diet as one of the Centre Party. His principal literary work is the " Geschichte der Deutschen Litera- tur'\ which first appeared in 1866 (eighth edition, Freiburg, 1905). This was the first exhaustive treat- ise made of the history of German literature from a Gatholic point of view, and was an effort on the part of the author to bring out into greater prominence Gatholic poets and thinkers who theretofore had either failed of recognition or had l)een treated with hostility. It is a notable work. The author modeiled it on V^il- mar's widely read and meritorious " History of Litera- ture". Connected to a certain extent, as authorities, with his history of literature, is the '* Bibliothek deut- scher Klassiker" (1868-71) containing selections from Goethe, Schiller, Lessing, Herder, from WTiters of the Romantic school and poets of later times. To these are to be added his *' Blumenstrauss von Geistlichen Ge- dichten des deutschen Mittelalters" (1874), and a col- lection of religious poems " Fiir die Pilgerreise" (1877). Besides these Lindemann produced two biographical works, the one on Angelus Silesius (1876) and the other on Geiler von Ivayscrsl>erg, from the French by Dacheux (1877), both of which appear in the " Samm- lung historischer Bildnisse " 3rd series, vol. VIII, and 4th series, vol. II. Lindemann was also a contribu- tor to the "Bonner Theologischer Literaturblatt", and to other periodicals. The University of WUns- burg recognized his literary achievements by confer- ring on him, in 1872, the decree of Doctor of PhUos- ophy. As a man he was simple and unassuming, with an amiable manner and a spontaneous flow of humour, a genuine son of the Rhineland.

HOlskamp, Literarieeher Handweieer (1880), 80; Genmmia

i24 Deoemberx_1879), eupplemfiot; Rbusgb in AQgtn%. 7eut$ehe bK^m XVIH, 680.

Klehenb LOftlbb.