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aome oppodtion fnHD the Oovernmeat. The year d the RevolutioD, 1S48, brought to the Catholic Chuich some freedom from the sygtem of state guardianship until tbm in force, and permitted for toe first time the holding of popular muaione, which the bishop in- troduoed as early as 1850. In that year, also, he ol> tuned poneasion of the former Francisran monastery ol Bomhofen, a much-frequented pilgrimage, and there founded a house of RedcmptoristB, in spit^ of government oppoaitiou. The first house of the Poor Ij^ndmaiiU of t'hrist was foundeii in 1S50 at Dern- bach; it gradually developed into 'J. large mother- house with numerous branches. In 1K55 followed the house of the Brothern of Mercy at Montabaur; in 18G2. the diocesan protectory at Marieustatt; in lK50. the hospital of the Sisters of St. Vincent dc Paul at Liin- burg, etc. Gradually the bishop roplaccd the olrl uii- denominational schools with Catholic schools which he obtained permission to establish. In 1851 a Catholic normal school was founded at Montabaur; in 1852 a college for boya was opened at Hadamar, and in 1872 another at Montabaur. From 1851 the bishop had an ei^t years' struggle with the Government in regari! to the filling of vacant parishes; it ended by the eti- tablisbment in principle of the bishop's right to inde- pendent administratioa of the diocese, and to the Wpointment and training of the clergy.

The political independence of the Duchy of Nassau >nd of the imperial free city of frankfortr^m-the- Hain came to an end in the German war of 1860, after which both were incorporated in the Kingdom of Pnuaift. New religious houses, missions, and exer- dna wen made possible by the introduction into the new tarritoijr of the same legal freedom of action aa tbe CftUuilio Church then enjoyed in Prussia, These (uraunbte eireiunstances did not last long. The Kul- tuAwmpf, beginning in 1872, destroyed at Limburg the greater ptiirt of what had been created by long yemnofwoTK. Several institutions were closed hv the expnUim ot the RedemptnriHti, Jenuits. Poor Mand- makU of Christ, the English LodieH, etc., while the Old'Cft^olic legislation transferred a numl^er of Cath- olio churches to this new sect. By the SpcrrKC!«-'ti, the eferiy of Limburg found themsclvcs deprived of sal- aries, while the bishop, after suffering fines and dis- traints for filling parishes without giving to the Gov* etnment the newly prcscrilied notification, wa^, in 1876, expelled from office by the civil authority, and ^dled. He administered his diocese, as well as possi- ble, from Haid, in Bohemia, where Prince von Lowen- Htem generously granted him an asylum. It wa« not until 1883 that he was able to return to Limburg.

The spirit of Bishop Blum lived in his successors, Juhann Christian Roos, who, after a short episcopate (1885-86), was raised to the archiepiscopal S^ of Freiburg, and Karl Klein (ISSti-DS), dean of the cntltc- dral chapter, appointed by the pope. Dr. Klein had been for many j-ears the tnisteair the damage cauisod by the Kulturkampf. He was succeeded by Domi- nucus Willi, first abbot of the new Marienstatt.

IL Statisticb, — The Diocese of Limburg includes the Prussian civil district of Wiesbaden in the Prov- ince of Hesse- Xasftau, with the exception of that part of the city of Frankforl^-on-the-Main which belongs to the Diocese of Fulda and four touiis hi the Grand Duchy of Hesse. There are, taken altoccther, 413,000 Catholic inhabiUnts. The diocese is divided into fif- teen deaneries and the commissariat of Prunkfort-on- the-Main (q, v.): it contains 210 parishes and cures of souls, 29 benefices, 38 endowwl and 4!) non-endowed chi^ilaincies, 48 other positions in the itdministration

1 LIMBTnUl

and the schools, and, at the close of 1909, there were 368 teoulor priests. The cathedral chapter consists of a dean, 5 canons, 1 honorary canon, and 2 cathedral vicars. The bishop in elected by the cathedral chapter from a number of candidates who must be approved by the ruler of Prussia; the members are appointed alternately by the bishop and the chapter itself. The institutions of the diocese are: the tneological semi- nary at Limburg, with 18 students; the colleges for boys at Hadamar and Montabaur, each having about 100 pupils; the St. Joseph school for hoys at Marien- hausen; the as^'lum for idiots at .^.ulhausen; the "Schola (.iregoriana" and the diocesan museum at. Limburg. The monasteries for men in the dio

the Cistercian Abliey of Marienstatt, originally founded in 121,'), suppressed in ISOit, re-cst«bli.thed in 1888, now (1010) numl>cring .i2 fathera and I't broth- ers: 3 Franciscan monasteries (Maricntal, Bomhofen, and Kelkheim), with 17 fathore;md 20 lay brothers; 1 Capuchin moniksl^ry at Fraiikfort-on-the-.Main, S fathers and 3 brotJiers: the chief house of the Mission Society of the Pallottini at Limburg, l;l faUiers, 57 scholastics, and 90 lay brothers; the chief house of the BrotJiers of Mercy at Montabaur and 5 other monastic houses, 105 professed brotheri and 30 novices. The female orders and congregations in the diocese are: the Conere^tion of St, ^'incent de Paul, I house, 12 sisters; the Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ, 1 mother- house and 86 dependent houses, 940 (.Liters; the Asso- ciation of the Sisters of Divine Providence of Mainz, 6 houses, 3(i sisters; the Poor i^isters of St, Francis, 1 house, 31 sisters; the Sisters of the Christian Schools of Mercv, 3 houses, 27 sistcrH; Ursuliiies, 3 houses, 80 sisters; Englisli Ladies, 2 houses, 48 sisters; Sisters (rf Charity of the Good Shephcnl, 1 hoase, 32 Bistprs; Ser\-ants of the Sncred Heart of Jesus. 2 houses, S sisters; the Pallottine Nuns, a mother-house at I.im- burs, (>5 sisters: the Benetlictinc Nuns, 1 abbey (St. Hilaegard.at EibingerO.-iO.si.iters; Itenedictine Muns of the Perpetual Adoration, 1 house, 20 sisters; Alcxian Nuns, 1 house, 7 sisters.

The diocese has about 35 societies for bo;rs and young men; 18 journeymen's unions; about 6(1 work- men's unions; 10 merchants' associations; 7 societies for sen'ants: the Biinifiitiiwi'crein; n Hi«iety tor the support of prii>Ml4; the St. Rajihael Society; tlic Mw-