Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 9.djvu/268

 LXOBTXliAU 233 UEBER

Robert Stretton^ 1360 ; Walter Skirlaw, 1386: Richard people increased unceasingly. In 1615 her relics were

Scroope. 1386; John de Buighill, 1398; John Catterick, conveyed to Brussels, but in 1871 they were returned

1415; William Heyworth, 1419: William Booth, 1447; to Schiedam. On 14 March, 1S90, Leo XIII put the

Nicholas Cloose, 1452;ReginalaBolars (Butler), 1453; official sanction of the Church upon that veneration

John Hales, 1459; William Smith, 1492; John Arun- which had existed for centuries.

del, 1496; Godfrey Blyth, 1503: Roland Lee, 1524; Coudurier, Vie de la bienheureuM Lidwine (Paris. 1862);

Richard Sampson, (elected schismatically), 1543; JRwADENyiRA, La wd««Luft«ne.w«ify«(V^

T» i_u T> ^ ^eeV <j/j f Thomas A Kempis, \ tta Lidevngxa mrfftnis in Opera Omnia, iv

Kalpb Basrne, 1004. ., . , o ,,. ,, , (FVdburg. 1905); HuYSMANS. Sainie Lydwine de Schiedam

In Cathohc days the Diocese of Lichfield included (Paris. 1901). the counties of Derby, Salop, Stafford, and most of P. Albers. Warwickshire. It was divided into* four archdeacon- ries: Derby. Shrewsbury, Stafford, and Coventry. Lieber, Ernst Maria; b. at Camberg in the Duchy The arms of the see were: party per pale, gules and of Nassau, 16 Nov., 1838; d. 31 March, 1902. He was argent, a cross potent and quadrate in the centre the principal leader of the Centre Party in the German between four crosslets patee of the second and or. Imperial Parliament (Reichstag) and the Prussian Diet ».'ft".f^**''^"'^'?'?"\^v'**'^*'*^?^*^'^7T**'7*^ (Landtag) after the death of Dr. Windthorst. Lie- i^if{fi:^s^rS'St^cJ'St^Jk (tfelf!?9&"2: ber•^ father Mont* Lieber CouncUlor of I^ation, Short account of the City and Clone of Lichfield (Lichfield. 1819); had long endeared himself to his Catholic country- ?i?AT' M^***^ and AntiquiUea of Staffordshire (Londjm. 1798- men by boldly defending their rights against bureau- 1801): Harwood. Htatory of Lichfield (Gloucester, 1806): Brit- «^i.:« «««^«»oo;^«a ;« iliAVvn44-ir n^-^ar^ of n^Ao T?«.nc>f Tos/ History ani Antiquities of Lichfield Cathedral (London, jratic aggressions m the petty German states. H-mst 1820) ; DuGDAUB. Monasticon Anglicanum, VI, pt. Ill (London, Maria was trained from his earnest vears to take an ac- y^^^ \ 7!^^^^* Cathedral Churches of England and Wales (iKm- ti ve interest in public and especially Catholic, affairs.

don, I860): Ston«, Lichfield Cathedral (Birmmffham. 18/0): Af*«» ^».m.^.,o4^:.w* f«^m 4-U^ «*^rrv«v.«e;it*n V.^ o^-iiri:^^

BolVon, Statutes of the Cathedral Church of LichAtld (StafiFord. After graduatmg from the gymnasium, he studied

1871): BEKEflPORD. Lichfield (written with strong anti-Catholic law at W Qrzburg, Munich, Bonn, and Heidelberg, and

^^?^ *P^ ^j°*^!i 9*H**^ l^^ff ^^"^^^^P^^i^^li- Clifton, received the degree of Doctor of Civil and Canon Law,

^i!^U%''S!X^ V^^^^Jl^^ndlf^iiohTitl^^i 30 July, 1861 The next four years he devoted to a

Pkoob, Memoirs of Roger de Weseham (London, 1*61); Idem, profoimd study of philosophy, history, literature, and

Life of Robert Orossetsste (London, 1793). taw^ ^th the hope of becoming a university professor.

- Edwin Burton. He was obliged, however, to abandon his purpose and

Ifichtenaa, Conbad op. See Konrad op Lich- retired to his native town, where he established his

TBNAU. regular abode. In the meantime he became actively

Li^n. ROM^ EMPEBOH. See Co.stx.t.kk ^^^I'^oL^'o^fffi^lPs^t^'d^l^S^a^ys^^

• separate schools, such as existed in Prussia, instead of

Udwina, Saint, b. at Schiedam, Holland, 18 the mixed public schools where all were educated to- April, 1380; d. 14 April, 1433. Her father, Peter gether without regard to creed. In the agitation car- by name, came of a noble family while her mother ried on for this purpose Lieber was a zealous worker. Petronella, bom at Kethel, Holland, was a poor When Garibaldi invaded (1868) the Papal States, country ^rl. Both were poor. Very early in her life Liclxjr called a great mass-meeting in Walmerod to St. Lidwina was drawn towards the Mother of God protest against this aggression. In 1870 the peas- and prayed a great deal before the miraculous image anta of the WesterwaUi (West Forest) elected him of Our Lady of Schiedam. During the winter of the their representative in the Prussian Diet, and later, year of 1395, Lidwina went skating with her friends, when the German Empire was created (1871), in one of whom caused her to fall upon some ice with the Reichstag. In this capacity he took an active such violence that she broke a rib in her right side, part in founding the famous Centre Party, which was This was the beginning of her martyrdom. No medi- organized at Berlin in December, 1870, by about fifty cal skill availed to cure her. Gangrene appeared in Catholic members of the Reichstag. These deputies the ^«round caused by the fall and spread over her en- had foreseen the conflict with the Church (Kvltur- tire body. For years she lay in pain which seemed to kampf)^ and announced their intention to act on increase constantly. Some looked on her with sus- purely constitutional lines. From 1870 to 1878 the picion, as imder the influence of the evil spirit. Her members of the new party were mostlv engaged in the pastor, Andries, brought her an unconsecrated host, great battle for the interests of the Church. During but the^saint distinguished it at once. But God re- this time Lieber developed his talent as a parliamen- warded her with a wonderful gift of prayer and also t^iry orator and popular speaker, though as yet he with visions. Numerous miracles took place at her wielded no influence as a leader. The KuUurkampf bed-side. The celebrated preacher and seer, Werm- was chiefly the work of the indiWdual states, the Em- bold of Roskoop, visited her after previously behold- pire taking no great part in it, except in the matter of ing her in spirit. The pious Arnold of Schoonhoven the expulsion of the Jesuits, carried out by virtue of an treated her as a friend. Hendrik Mande wrote for imperial law. In 1878 a decided change took place in her consolation a pious tract ^in Dutch. When Joan- the inner political situation of Germany. Bismarck nes Busch brought this to her, he asked her what she was meditating a change of attitude toward the tariff thought of Henarik Maude's visions, and she answered and needed the votes of the Centre to secure a major- that they came from God. In a vision she was shown ity in the coming parliamentary contest. Windthorst a rose-bush with the words, "When this shall bo in took advantage or the situation to win influence for his bloom, your suffering will be at an end." In the spring party in the Reichstag. His diplomatic attitude on of the year 1433, she exclaimed, " I see the rose-bush the social (question, and the abilities of many of his in full bloom! " From her fifteenth to her fifty-third followers, aided him in the accomplishment of his pur- year, she suffered every imaginable pain; she was one pose. Among these followers was Liel^er. For the sore from head to foot and was greatly emaciated. On moment, however, he was too interested in the great the morning of Easter-day, 1433, she was in deep con- Question of the relations between Church and State to templation and beheld, in a vision, Christ coming to- acvote himself to social questions, though he fully wards her to administer the Sacrament of Extreme realized what a prominent place the social programme Unction. She died in the odour of great sanctity . At was to hold in the history of the German Empire. He once her grave became a place of pilgrimage, and as also knew that the Centre might hope for great sue- early as 1434 a chapel was built over it. Joannes cess, should it manifest a sincere interest in the cause Brugmann and Thomas k Kempis related the history of social improvement. In the years that followed of her life, and veneration of her on the part of the Lieber advocated unceashigly his party's programma