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U09FXILD

Vatican Library, which will be described in another article (see Vatican Library). Indirectly, also, the popes have furthered the establishment of libraries by rounding and encouraging universities. Each of these naturally regarded the library as the indispensable means of research; and in modern times especially these university collections have been enriched by the ever-growing mass of scientific literature. It is inter- esting to note that the nucleus of the library was often obtained by taking over the books and manuscripts which had been preserved in monasteries and other ecclesiastical estaDlishments. A glance at the histoiy of the universities will show how much they are in- debted in this respect to the care and industry of the monks (see, e. g., the brief accounts in "Minerva'*, II, Stras'oUJg, 1893). From the same sources came, in many instances, the books which served as the begin- nings of the Ubraries founded by sovereigns, princes, churchmen, national governments, municipalities, and private individuals. In recent times, moreover, nu- merous and successful attempts have been made to provide the people at large with the facilities which were once the privilege of the student. Among the efficient means for the diffusion of knowledge must be reckoned the public library which Is foundf in nearly every town of importance. While this multiplication of libraries is due chiefly to the advance in popular education, it has led, on the other hand, to the creation of what might be called a special art or science. Much attention is now given to the proper housing and care of books, and systematic instruction is provided for those who are to engage in lil)rary work. It is not sur- prising, then, that, along with tfie growing realization of the value and iraportAnce of libraries, there should gradually have come alx)ut a fairer appreciation of what was done by the Church for the preservation of books.

The following list gives the founders and dates of some famous libraries: —

Aml^rosian (q. v.), Milan; Cardinal Federigo Bor- romeo, 1603-09.

Angelica, Rome; Angelo Rocca, O.S.A., 1614.

Bodleian, Oxford; Sir Thomas Bodley, c. 1611.

British Museum, London; George III and George IV (largely with I^LSS. taken from monasteries by Henry VIII), c. 1759.

Casanatense, Rome; Cardinal Girolamo Casanata (q. v.)^ 1698.

Congressional^ Washington; U. S. Government, 1800.

Mazarine, Pans; Cardinal Alazarin, 1643; public 1688.

Mediceo-Laurenziana, Florence; Clement VII, 1571.

Nationale, Paris; Charles V of France, 1367.

Royal, Beriin; Elector Fred. William, c. 1650.

Roval, Munich; Duke Albert V, c. 1560.

Vailioeliana, Rome; Achille Stazio, 1581.

Vatican. Rome (see Vatican Library).

Clark, The Care of Books (Cambridge, 1902), a work of the very highest value and indispooBable to any fuller etudy of the subject; Pohlb and Stahl in Kirchenlex. a. v. Bibliotheken; ScuDAMORE in Diet, of Christ. Antiq.; Gasqubt, Mediaeval Monastic Libraries in The Old English Bible and other Essays

i London, 1897), 1-42; Ehrlb, Jamba, and others in Fasciculus; 'oanni Willis Clark Dicatus (Cambridge. 1909); Gottlikb, Ueber mitUlalterlicke Bibliotheken (Leipiig, 1890); Edwards, Memoirs of Libraries, 2 vols., (London, 1895): Pauly-Winowa, Realencykiopfidie der kla»aischen Altertumsicissenschaft (1893-); Becker, Catalog Bihliothecarum antiqui (Bonn, 1885); James, The Ancient Libraries of Canterbury and Dover (Cambridge. 19a'?); Macray, Annals of the Bodleian Library (Oxford, 1890); RoBiMSo;? AND Jamba, The Manuscripts of \yeMminHer Abbey (Cambi " Mona bridgt

34; Dblwle, in Bib. de I'EcoIe des Charles fl849). 21(V-31; In., CabinH des MSS. de la Bib. Xationale (3 vols., Paris. 1874-76); Thomas, The Philobiblon of Richard of Bury (London, 1888).

Herbert Thurston.

Licentiate. See Arts, Master of; University.

Lichfield, Ancient Diocese of (Lichfeldensis). This diocese took its rise in the conversion of Mercia by St. Cedd [q. v.] and his three companions in 652 and subsequent years. One of these was Diuma who was

made Bishop of Mercia about 656. Among the suc- cessors of Diuma was St. Chad, who fixed his seat at Lichfield, where he built a monastery. As time went on other dioceses were carved out of the Mercian terri- tory — the sees afterwards known as Hereford, Wor- cester, and Dorchester. But Lichfield, though les- sened in territory, grew in political imoortance until the time of the ascendancy of Mercia under Offa, when that king determined to raise Lichfield as a nval to Canterbury. At the Council of Chelsea in 785 legates from the pope invested Bishop Hi^bert of Lichfield with the archiepiscopal pallium, giving him metro-

S>litan authority over Worcester, Leic^ter^ Lincoln, ereford, and the East Anglian dioceses oi Tglmham and Dunwich. On the death of OfTa the pope restored the full power of Canterbur3r, and in 803 the Council of Clovesho accepted the decision of the Holy See. During the ninth century the diocese suffered mudi from the Danes, and the great Abbey of Reiiton was sacked. The next step was the gradual conversion of the invad- ers. In the anarchy that ensued in the MiHImmIi^ after the Conquest, the estates of the see were devastated, and lichfield it^f was so poor a place that alUar the Synod of 1075, which directed the removal of all sees to walled tow^ns, Bishop Peter fixed on Chester as his cathedral city, and his successor, Robert de Lunesey, transferred his seat to Coventry.

The chapter at Lichfield was neverthelesB main- tained, ana one of the early Norman bishops. Ro^r de Clinton, rebuilt its cathedral there, Te-<feaicating it to St. Chad, whose relics he there enshrined. En- mity and jealousy, however, marked for many yean the relations between the Lichfield secular canons and the Coventrv monks, and successive episcopal elec- tions were the occasions for fresh quarrels. Gregoiy IX (1227-41) settled the dispute by arranging that the elections should be made alternately l^ each chapter. During the thirteenth and fourteenth oen- tunes the building of the cathedral continued. Though not one of the laiger cathedrals, it has many beauties^ including the west front and the Lady Chapel, and is altogether exceptional in having three spires. When the Reformation swept away au abbeys and monas- teries, the great monastic cathedral church of Coven- try was destroyed, and the diocese was robbed by the king of many manors. The churches were plundered and the shrine of St. Chad in Lichfield catbedral was violated and stripped. The schismatical bishops, Ro- land Lee and Ricnard Sampson, wasted the diocesan property. The last Catholic bishop was Ralph Bayne, who was deprived of the temporalities of his see by Elizabeth and imprisoned in the house of the Protec- tant bishop, Grindal. There he died in November. 1559. The following is the list of the bishops of Licnfield, the dates of the Saxon bishops being very doubtful: —

Bishops of Mercia: Diuma, 656; CeoUach, 658; Thumere, 659; Jaruman, 663. Bishops of lAchMd: St. Chad, 669; Winfred. 673; St. Sexwulf, 675; Headdi, 691: Aldwini (Wor.). 721; Witta, 737; Hemele, 752; Cuthred, 765; Berhthun, 768; Higbert, 785; Aldulf,

801: Humbert,; Herewin, 816; Higbert 11,;

Aethelwald, 818; Hunbeight, 828; Tunberht,;

Cineferth, 870; St.Cumbert.; Tunbriht, 890: Wig-

mund,901 (?); Ella, 920; Alfgar,944 (al.935); Kynw, 960 (al. 949); Wynsy, 974 (al. 961 or 964); Elph^;e, 992 (al.973); Godwin 1002; Leofgar, 1020; Brihtmar, 1026; Wulsy, 1039; Leofwin, 10.')3; vacancy, 1066; Peter, 1072; Robert de Limesey, 1086; vacancy, 1117. Bishops of Coventry and Lichfield: Robert Peche, 1121; Roger de Clinton, 1129; Walter Durdent, 1149; Rich- ard Peche, 1161; vacancv, 1181; Gerard la Pucelle, 1183; vacancy, 1184; Hugh Nonant, 1188 (al. 1184); Geofrey de Muschamp, 1198: vacancy, 1208; William de Comhill. 1215; Alexander de Stavenby, 1224; Hugh Pateshull, 1240; vacancy, 1242; Roger Wese- ham, 1245; Roger de Meyland (Longespie), 1258; Walter de Langton, 1296; Roger de Northbuigh, 1322;