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42) to Martin V (1417-31), and in another manuscript to Eugene IV (1431-47); the second reaches from Urban VI (1378-89) to Pius II (1458-64). For the last popes in each case they exhil)it valuable historical material. In consequence of the peculiar develop- ment of the Liber Pontificalis as a whole, it follows that, in onler to obtain the full value of the historical sources used in the Liber PontificalLs, each particular life, each larger or smaller group of lives, needs separate critical treatment. The Liber Pontiticulis was first edited by J. Busa^us imder the title " Anastasii biblio- thecarii Vitce seu Gcsta Romanorum Ponlificum" (Maina, 1602). A new edition, with the "Historia ecclcsiastica" of Anastasius, was edited by Fabrotti (Paris, 1647). The best of the older editions of the primitive Liber Pontificalis (down to Hadrian II), with edition of the life of Stephen VI, was done by Fr. Bian- cliini (4 vols., Rome, 1718-35; a projected fifth volume did not appear). Muratori added to his reprint of tliis edition the lives of later popes down to John XXII (Scriptores rcrum Italicarum, III). The edition of Bianchini with several appendixes is found also in Migne (P. L., CXXVII-VIII). For a classic edition of the early Liber Pontificalis, with all the above- mentioned continuations, we are indel)ted to the tire- less industry of Louis Duchesne, " Liber Pontificalis. Tcxte, introduction et commentaire" (2 vols., Paris, 1886-92). Mommsen began a new critical edition of the same work under the title " Gestorum Pontificum Romanorum pars I: Liljer Pontificalis" (Mon. Germ, hist.); the first volume extends to 715 (Berlin, 1S98). On the plan of the Roman Liber Pontificalis, and in obvious imitation, Agnellus, a priest of Ravenna, wrote the history of the bishops of that city, and callea it "Liber Pontificalis Ecclesia) Ravennatis". It be- gan with St. Apollinaris and reached to about 485 (see Agnellus of Ravenna). This history of the bishops of Ravenna was continued, first by the unknown author to the end of the thirteenth century (1296), and after- wards to 1410 by Petnis Scordilli, provost of Ravenna. Other medieval chroniclers have also left collections of biographies of the bishops of particular sees, ar- ranged on the lines of the Lilxjr Pontificalis. Thus in 1071-2, at the order of Bishop Gundecharus of Eich- statt, the "Liber Pontificalis Eichstcttensis" (ed. Bethmann in " Mon. (Jcrm. hist.. Script.", VIT, 242- 50). Many metlieval archiepiscopal and episcopal sees possess, under the title of " (icsta", histories of the occupants of these sees. Most of them offer very im- portant original material for local diocesan history (for a list of them consult Pott hast, " Bibliotheca historica

mcdii wvi", 2nd e cennions du Liber Pont, in Revue de quest, hist., XXVI (1879), 49.J-M0; Ii>em. Lt premier Liber Pont., Ibid., XXIX (1881). 246-62; Idem. U nouvelle idUion du LihrrPont. in Melanges d'arch/oL et d'hist., XVIII (1898). J81-417; Grihar, Der Liber Pontif. in ZeitM-hr.Jur kath. Theol., XI (1887), 417-46; Idem. Analecta Romana. I (Home, 1899). 1 sqq.; Waitz, Vfbcr die italienischf-n Handschriften des Liber Pont, in \ru*-s Archir, X (1S85). 455-65 Idem. Cefper den sntjrnnanten Catalo<iu» Felicianus der P^Pf^r, ibid., XI (1886), 217-rn: Idem. Viber die verschiedenen Tcxte. des Liber Pont., ibid., IV (1879). 216-73; RuArKMANN, Reise nach Italien, ibid., XXVI (lOOn, 209 -.147: Giohoi. Appunti intomo ad alruni mnnoscritti drj Librr Pont, in Arehirxo ftrJln Sne. romniui di ti,ria p^trin, XX (l*'97i. 247 son.: WATTKRicn. Vita Pnntif. Roman. (2 vols.. I^ipxiK. 1862); LioimrooT, The Aponiolir FnthrrK, Part T: S. (Irmeid of Rome, I (London. 1890). 303-25: Farrf. Etnd*- nur Ir Lihrr Cmsuum de VEQlise romaine in Fiibl. dtn Ernirn frnn^aineM d'Athinrs et de Rome, n. Ixii (1st Horio«. Paris. 1S<M»; (^lahhchrodrr. Des Lucas Holxtmius Sammhing von Papnthbrn in Romische Quartfd- itehr.. IV (1890), 125 sntj.; Idem. Vitce aliquot Pontificum sac. XV. ibid., V (1891), 178 sqa.; Idem. Zur Quellenkunde der Pavntarsrh. des XIV. Jahrhunaerts in Hi^orichrs Jahrhurh, XI (1890). 240!»qq.: IIaknack, Veher die Ordinationen im Papsf- buch in Sitzunosher. der Akad. der Witts, zu Berlin (1897). 761 flqq.; Momm^en, Ordo et spnfia epiwojutrum Romanorum in Libra Pontifirali in Neues Arrhiv, XXI (1894), 333 sqq^.; Sio- mCi.i.kr I)i*tn'rh »v>n A'lVm und dtr Libt-r Pontifiralin in Hist. Jahrbueh, XV (1894). 802 sqq.; Ro^exfeld. Ueber die Kom- p09Uion des Liber Pcniifieatis bis zu Konstaniin, Dissert. (Mar-

hurg. 1896); ScmrttRBR. Der Verfasser der Vita Stephani It 752-757) im Liber Pontificalis m Hislor. Jahrbueh, XI (1890). 425 sqq.; Potthaht. Bibl. hist, medii avi, I, 737-0; de Smcdt, Introaurtio generalis ad hislcriam eccl. critice traetandam (Ghent, 1876). 220 sqq.

J. P. KiRSCH.

Liber Sententiftmm. See Peteb Lombard.

Liber Septtmua. — ^Three canonical collections of quite different value from a legal standpoint arc known by this title. (1) The ** Constitutiones Clementis V" or mus", but so designated by historians and canonists of the Middle Ages, and even on one occasion by John XXII, in a letter to the Bishop of Strasburg. in 1321. This collection was not even considered a *' Liber". It was officially promulgated by Clement V in a con- sistory held at Monteaux near Carpentras (France) on 21 March, 1314, and sent to the Universities of Or- l(Sans and Paris. The death of Clement V, occurring on 20 Apr^l following, gave rise to certain doubts as to the legal force of the compilation. Consequently, John XXII by his Bull, ''Quoniam nulla", of 25 Octo- ber, 1317, promulgated it again as obligatory, without making any changes in it. Johannes Andrete compiled its commentary', or gloam ordtnaria. It was not an exclusive collection, and <iid not abrogate the previ- ously existing laws not incorporated in it (see Corpus Juris Can-qxici; Decretals, Papal). (2) A canon- ist of the sixteenth centur\', Pierre Mathieu (Petrus Matthffus), published in 1690, under the title of "Septimus Liber Decretalium", a collection of canons arranged according to the order of the Decretals of Gregory' IX, containhig some Decretals of preceding popes, especially of those who reigned from the time of SLxtus IV (1464-71) to that of Sixtus V, in 1590. It was an entirely private collection and devoid of scientific value. Some editions of the "Corpus Juris Canonici" (Frankfort, 1590; Lyons 1621 and 1671; Bohmer's edition, Halle, 1747), contain the text of this "Lilwr Septimus" as an appendix.
 * Clementinaj", not officially known as "Liber Septi-

(3) The name has been given also to a canonical collection officially known as "Decretales Clementis Papaj VI 1 r ' . It owes t he name of ' * Liber Septimus" to Canlinal Pinelli, prefect of the special congregation apnointe*! by Sixtus V to draw up a new ecclesiastical cooe, who, in his manuscript notes, applied this title to it. Fagnanus and Benedict XIV imitated him in this, and it has n'tained the name. It was to supply the defect of an official coilification of the canon law from the date of the publication of the" Clementinae" (ISIT), that Ciregory XIII, al)out the year 1580 appointed a Ixxly of cardinals to undertake the work. In 1587 Sixtus V established the congregation mentioned alwvc. The printed work was submitted to Clement VIII, in 1598, for his approbation, which was refused. A new revision undertaken in 1607-08 had a similar fate, the reigning pone, Paul V, declining to approve the " Lil>er Septimus^' as the obligatory legal code of the Church. It is divided into five books, siibdivided into titles and cliapters, and contains disciplinary and dogmatic canons of the Councils of Florence, Lateran, and Tnmt, and constitutions of twenty-eight popes from (rogon' IX to Clement VIII. The refusalB of approbation by Clement VIII and Paul V are to be attributed, not to the fear of seeing the canons of the Council of Trent glossed hv canonists (which was for- bidden by the Bull of Piilil IV. " Benedictus Deus". confirming the Council of Trent), but to the politioal situation of the en accepted by the French Gov- ernment; it was therefore feared that the Govern- ments would refuse to recognize the new code. It seems a mistake, too, to have included in the work decisions that were purelv and exclusively dogmatic and as such entirely foreign to the domain of eanon