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 UBUULTORE 215 UBSE

answers Amen. In this case the Fraction does not garded b^ many as the greatest philosopher of his day.

take place till the Embolism is finished. In the Mi- It is a tnbute to his holiness of life ana deep religious

lanese and Mozarabic Rites he sings it, and the choir spirit that his brethren of the Society of Jesus were

answers Amen. For the Galilean Embolism (of Ger- less impressed by his varied talents and immense

mamis of Paris, d. 576) see Duchesne, ''Origines du learning than by the many virtues displayed during

Culte Chretien" (Paris, 1898), 211. The present Mi- his long and fruitful life as scholar, professor, writer,

lanese form is veiy similar to that of Rome. It will be academician, director of souls, and rector. His name

found with its chant in any edition of the Ambrosian will long be in blessed memory amone all those who

MieBal. The Mozarabic Embolism with its chant is love the Church. The following are the best known,

in liie *'Missale Mistmn" (P. L., LXXXV, 659-60^. perhaps, of his works: " Institutiones Philosophic®":

In both rites the Fraction has preceded the Lords ^'Instructiones Ethical"; various compendiums of

Prayer. The Embolisms of the Eastern rites are logic, metaphysics, ethics, and natural law; "Delia

given in Brightman, ''Eastern Liturgies" (Oxford, Ck)noscenza intellettuale " ; *'Del Composto umano";

1896), namely: Antiochene, 60, 100; Alexandrian, 136, "Deir Anima umana "; "Dcgli Universali "; "Chiesa

182; Nestorian, 296; Armenian, 446. In all these the e Stato"; "Dialoghi filosofici"; "II Matrimonio";

Embolism is said secretly, with the last words aloud "Roma e il mondo " ; " II Matrimonio e lo Stato "; " Le

(£!cphonesis) ; thepeople answer Amen. The Byzan- Commedie filosofiche ": and * * Spicilegio ' '.

tine Rite has no Embolism of the Lord's Prayer, but Cxv^^^ Cattoli^, series XV. t. iv .152-36(5; Amerkan EccUn.

only the final clause: "For Thine is the kingdom and ^^t{\^ (December. 1892); boMMERvoGEL. BM. de la C.

the power and the glory, of the Father and the Son J. H. Fisher.

and the Holy Ghost, now and for ever and for ages of, ju^.4.^^ xt,^^ " .., a ^ a , J^.^r^ xt,^«^x'a

ages. R. Ahien" (ibid., 392 and 410). Tliat it once Lib^atore, Niccolo di. See Alunno, Niccolo.

had this prayer, like the parent Rite of Antioch, seems Liberatus of Oarthage (sixth century), archdeacon.

certain from the fact that there is an Embolism in the author of an important history of the Nestorian and

Nestorian and Armenian Liturgies, both derived at an Monophysite troubles. In 535 he was sent to Rome,

eariy date from Constantinople. as legate of a great African national synod of two

Adrian Fortebcxjb. hundred and seventeen bishops, to consult Pope

Agapetus I (535-6) about a number of questions

the Jesuits at Naples m 1825, and a year later applied frequently employed by the African bishops as their

for admission into the Society of Jesus. His remark- ambassador in the disputes that arose from that ques-

able innocence, bnUiant talents, and strength of char- ^j^n. "Tired with the fatigue of traveling, and rest-

acter made him a most acceptable candidate, and he j^g t^e mind a little from temporal cares '^(introduc-

entered the novitiate on 9 October, 1826. The lone ^^^^ ^ his book), he used his leisure to compose a

course of studies was completed by him with unusual summary histor\' of the two great heresies of thejpre-

success, and resulted m his teaching philosophy for the ceding centurv.*^ His object in writing it was avow-

space of eleven years, from 1837 until the Revolution ^^ly to show how misjudged the emperor's condemna-

of 1848 drove him to Malta. On returning to Italy he ^ion of the Three Chapters was. The work is called

was appointed to teach theology, but gave up his pro- « ^ Short Account of the Affair of the Nestorians and


 * ^^?rl*R *° ^S" „ *"° assume charge in 1850 of the Rutychians" (Breviarium causse Nestorianorum et

"Civilt^Cattohca",apenodical founded by the Jesuits Eutychianorum). It begins with the ordination of

to defend the cause of the Church and the papacy, and Nestorius (428) and ends with the Fifth General Council

to 8i>read the knowledge of the doctrine of bt. Thomas (Constantinople II, 553). From the fact that the

Aquums. Indeed it is Libera tore s chief ^lory to have author mentions Thcodosius of Alexandria as being

brought about the revival of the Scholastic philosophy g^ju jjive (xx), it is evident that it was written before

of St. Thomas. This movement he inaugurated by 557 jq ^hich year Theodosius died. On the other

pubhshing his course of philosophy m 1840, at a time ij^nd, Liberatus records the death of Pope Vigilius

when the prevailmg methods of teaching that science, (jy^e, 555). His authorities are the "ITistoria tri-

cven among certain Cathohcs^ were, to say the least, partita" of Cassiodorus, acts of synods, and letters of

htUe calculated to provide solid foundation for Catho- contemporary Fathers. In spite of Liberatus's con-

?fL Sf!5?^* x7^ "^L-Y^-!°xu ^"PP®'!*^ *? ! ?" troversial purpose and his indignation against Mono-

._ X. . ± „. X X ■ abettors of the condemna-

short history is well and

.-, .,.-,-, , fairly written. It forms an important document for

extensive works, and also by his work as member of ^he history of the two heresies.

the Accademia Romana by appointment of Leo XIII. Libbratub, Bremarium cauaa Nestorianorum et Eutuchiano-

For more than half a century he was the tireless nmi in P. L., LXVIII. 903-1052; also in ^IAN8I, Sacrotwn

Altamninnrtf fnifk infliofiAlHa/if rkViilrko/^nhvonrl fliorki ConcUiorum nova et anipIiMtma coUectto, IX (Florence, 1759),

Cl»mpionottrummtneneldSOtpmiO«)phyandtneol- 659_7oo: FABRiciua-HARLE«, Bibliotheca Oraca, XII (Ham-

Ogy, and of the nghts of the Chureh. His pen was con- burg, 1809), 685-92. a liat of Libcratus's sources; KRfoER,

Stantly at work, analysing the vexed problems of Manophyntische StreUigkeiien {Jena, 1884): FEssLKR-JuNa-

Chnj^n Ufe, both theoretical and practical, marking ^'^^S^^^^.^t^^rS^^rfls^^^'!" * ""^^

out the relations between Chureh and State, and the Adrian Fortesctjb. moral and social aspects of life. His watehfulness over

the foundations of the faith is attested by his success- Liber Diumus Romanonim Pontificum, a mis-

ful struggles with Rationalism, Ontelogism, and Ros- cellaneous collection of ecclesiastical formularies used

minianism. His literary activity may be estimated in the papal chancery until the eleventh century. It

from the fact that Sommervogel records more than contains models of the important official documente

forty of his published works, and gives the titles of usually premred by the chancery; particularly of let-

inore than mne hundred of his articles (including re- ters ana official documents in connexion with the

views) which appeared in the **CiviltiL" alone. The death, the election, and the consecration of the pope:

most prominent 'characteristics of his writings are the installation of newly elected bishops, especially or

keenness of judgment, strength of argument, breadth the suburbicarian bishops; also models for the profes-

"lium on areh- and dispensa-

confirmationof