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 lifiA of ordoiniiig. This distinotion waa made in view of the exemntioiia which the religioua orders en- joyed in their reUtione with the bishope. The defi- oitiioQ given of these two kga by Benedict XIV does not Beem accurate; according to that learned canonist (De synodo diceceaana, I, iv, n. 3), the lex iurudic- tioni* is the complexua of rights which a bishop has over exempted r^ulara; the lex diacexaTia, the com-

Slexua of eplHcopal rights from which the rCKular oi^ ere are exempt (Schcrer, "Handbuch des Kirchen- rechtes", I, Gra>, 1886, 560). This distraction is no longer of any practical importance.

Uomuui. JUaniK) dei anliqutiit Tomaina, French tr. Girakd, VI (Paiu. 1888). 1, 351 «)□.: KauoEH. ffiainn d« (dutch du Onil nmaiK, French tr. BaraaiDD (Fncu. 1S94): Eiiueih, Coun iUmailairt d'hiatoirt du droit ftanaiU (4th «(., Pnrig, IMS); VioLur, HiMH'n du droit civil frantai* (Pniu. 1803}i Bbvmmib, D«itodUSaAt«0acAieAU (Leipiig. 1887],

A. Van Hove.

Lsmu, JiTAN Bautista sg, theologian, b. at Mad- rid, 23 Nov., 1586; d. in Rome, 29 March. 1659. He took the habit at Alberca, in Old Castile, 18 Oct., IflOO, and made his profession at the house of the Car- melites of the Old Observance at Madrid, in 1602; studied philosophy at Toledo, theology at Salamanca, partly at the college of the order, partly at the univer- eit;^ under Juan Marquei, and finally at AIcaM under Luis de Monteaion. For some yeara he was employed as lecturer at Toledo and Alcal^, but having been sent to the genetal chapter of 1625 as delegate of his prov- ince, he remained in Rome as professor of theology. At the following chapter (1645), at which he assisted in the (^lality of titular provincial of the Holy Land, he obtained some votes for the generalship, but re- ToaininK in the minority he was nominated assistant geoenit; for some years he also filled the office of pro- curator general. Inaddition to these dignities within the Older, he filled for sixteen years the chair of meta- phjrses at the Sapienza. and became consultor to the Congregation of the Index under Urban VIII, and to that of Rites under Innocent X. Appointed to a bish- opric, he requested a saintly nun to recommend an important matter (the nature of which he did not dis- olaae) to Our Lord m prayer, and received through her the answer, which he acl«d upon, that it would be more perfect for him to refuse the dignity.

Leaana was a great authority on canon law, dog- matic theology, and philosophy, and his writings on these subjects still cany weight. His historical works, however, are not of the same high standard. A notice on hie "Annals of the Carmelite Order" (four folio vols, were published between 1645 and 1656. and there remains another vol. in MS.) will be found m the bibliography aeoompanying the article Carueute Order. The foUowmg are the principal products of his indefatigable pen: (1) "Liber apologeticus pro Immaeulata Coneeptione " (Madrid, 1016). (2) "^De regularium reformatione " (Rome, 1627), four times reprinted and translated into French, although it is doubtful whether the translation appfarcd in print. (3) "Summa quteationum regularium, five vols., the first of which appeared in Rome (1637), the last in 1647, most of Uiem were repoatedlv reprinted. (4) and (5) Two works. "Columna immobilis , and "Tur- ns Davidiea ", on the Blessed Virgin del Filar, at Sara- gossa (16.55 and 1656). (6) "Maria patrona" (Rome, 1648). (7) Life of 8t. Mary Magdalene de Pa«w, in Spanish (Rome, 1648). (8) "Summa theologiiB sac- tB" (3 vols., Rome, 1651 sqq.). (9) "Consulta varia thetriogiea" (Venice, 1656). A^ some less important works. B. KruMESMAN.

L'HaapitaL Michel de, b. at Aigucp^rse, al>out 1604; d. at -Courdimanche, 13 March. 1573. ^\'hile very youtw he went to Italy to join his father, who had been afoUower of the traitor, the^omitjible of Bour- bon, in the camp of Charles V. He ncquirM Iiih ju- ridical tiunlng first aa a student at Pa<luu and then aa IX.— W.

19 L'HOSPZTIL

auditor of the Rota at Rome, and in 1537 became a councillorof the Parliament of Paris. In 1547hewaa charged hy Henrv II with a mission to the (Ecumen- ical council, which had been transferred from Trent to Bologna, returning after sixteen months to take liis seat in the Parliament. He was next appointed chancellor of Berry by Marguerite of France, the daughter of Fran- cis I, in 1554 became first president of the court of ex- chequer [chambre dct eomplei), and, upon the acces- sion of Francis II (1559), entered the privy council throutch the patronage of the Guises. Catharine de' Medici appointed him chancellor in 1.560. On the one hanrl, L'Hospital had written a culogv in Latin verse on the Duke of (iuise and the Cardinal of I^rrainc; on the other hand, he was the husband of a Protestant wife, and had ha(i his children brought iip Protestants. At the opening of bis career atJ chancellor his complex personality is thus dcscriltcd by Brantome: " He was neld to be a Huguenot, though he went to Maes; but at court they said, 'God save Mr from L' Hospital's Mass!'" Tbfo- dorc de B^ze had had a portrait ot L'Hospital made, in which he was represented with a lighted torch be- hind his back, a way of indicatiiw that the chancel- lor had known the "light" of the Reformation, but would not look

of fact, the policy of tolerance, o! which he was the apostle in ('ranee, was, perhaps, in- spired by a certain scepticism; the dilTerenccB of re- ligious 1>clief seemed to him leas serious and less pro- found than they really were; he would have readily classed in thesamecategorytheCouiicil of Trent and certain Calvinistic manifestations, as equally embar- rassing (o the State; and (he state of mind of which he WFtt a representative was much nearer te tliat of the i'ightccnth-century philosophers than it was to that of men living in his own day, whether Protee- tants or Catholics.

The Edict of Romorantin (May, 1560) gave to the bishops criminal jurisdiction in cases of heresy, and to the secular courts the function of punishing the offence of holding Protestant meetings. This was L'Hospi- tel's first efforts to draw the lino between spiritual and

temporal — between the religion of the kingdom and its police regulation. His addre.ts at the opening of the States General of Orifians (13 Decemlxr, 1560) is

summed up in these words: " The knife is worth little against the spirit. Wc must camish ourselves with virtues and good morals, and then assail the Protest-

Lutheran, Huguenot, Papist — names of factions and sedit ions. Let us keep to the nanw of Christian, " To this programme of tolrmnco he added some extremely severe threats against Protestants who should stir up seditions, while, on thf other hand, the religious arti- cles of the Ordinance of Ori(!ans (31 January, 1561) essayed to bring back the Church of France to the Pragmatic Sanction of Boiirges, to restore to it certein elective franchisca, and thus to do away with the ex- clusive rights which the pojie and the king had exer- cised over it since the concordat of Francis I, On Ifl .\pril, 1561, li'Hospitalsent to thego\'emore, without