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nature from Deo., 1792, and he seems to have spuit most of his time from 1793 to 1 796 at Cahokia, though after M. Placet left Vincemies in 1795 he visited that poetalso. Meanwhileas the health of H.Nagot, supe- rior of the SulpicianA in the United States, was failing fast, he was desirous of having M. Levadoux near him at Baltimore, that he nuEht be ready to succeed him in ofBce; but fiiahop CairoU was no less anxious to secure the services of the lealous miseionaiy for E)etroit . The biabop'a wishes prevailed, and M. Levadoux became pariiO priest of St. Anne's in 1796. It was he who performed the obsequies of Rev. F. X. Dufaux, S.S., missionary to the Hurona at the pariah of the Assump- tion opposite Detroit, who died at his post 10 Septem' ber, 1796. After the demise of the latter, M. Leva- doux had frequent occasion to minister to the spiritual wants of the Indians and of other scattered Catholics from Sandusky and Mackinaw to Fort Wayne. In 1801 M . Nagot recalled M. Levadoux to Baltimore, and in 1803 he received orders from M. Emery to return to France, where he was soon appointed superior of the Seminary of St. Flour in Auvergne, and remained there until the dispersion of the Sulpicians by Na- poleon I, in 1811. When their institute was revived, in 1814, the Rev. M. Duclaux, successor of M. Kmery, placed M. Levadoux at the head of the Seminary of Le-Puy-en-Velay. For years he had Ijeen suffering from the stone, which disease was the cause of h^ death in the foltowijig year. He bore the intense pains of his last iltnesB wiw exemplary fortitude and resig- nation.

3m*. Hh(. o/Cort. Ch. in Ae V. S., II, 379. 407. 483, 486. 480-490, eoe: Ph^in de RivikBE. VU di M. Rvhard, S^., MS. in 81. Uoru'i Stmiiuirv ArcAitm. Buitiniorv, 369, note; DiLBET. Elat di tialitt CatAaligiu du du diocite dii ElaU Unit; ManvKrijjt rrauten of the Jmmaculale Conception Church, KukukU, ud of MacluDBw. A. E. JONES.

Lerftn (Lb Vau), Louis, acontemporary of Jacques Lemercier and the two Mansarts, and the chief archi- tect of the firat decade of Louis XIV's independent reign, b. 1612; d. at Paris, 10 Oct., 1670. Although pOBterity has refused to consider him a genius, he de- veloped a distinctive style which aimed at classic sim- plicity of construction and el^ance in decoration. It IS true, however, that he more often depended on Man- sart's or Lendtrc's ptans. Of his life, wo have few par- ticulars except as regards his works. He had two sons who shared nis labours; of these I^uis died in 1661, and of Francis we know nothing except that in 1656, in the capacity of royal architect, he received a salary of 600 livres. In 1653 the father became first royal in- spector of buildinxs, and in 1656 received a salary of 3000 livres. In bis death certificate, he ia called "king's councillor, general inspector, and director of the royal buildine enterpriser. His Majesty's secre- tary, and the pride of France. Le\'au won renown by the erection of many handsome buildings in Paris and elsewhere. The oldest are the Hdtel Lunbcrt and the chAteau of Vaux-le-Vicomte. After 1651 he com- pleted the south and north wings of the Louvre as succesBor to Lescot and Lemercier, and then built the east wiiu, thereby concluding the square up to the coIonnaOG on the cast aide. His design for the latter was rejected as being not sufficiently ornate, and that of Claude Pcrrault aul>Btitute<l. In this work Levau had a faithful assistant in his son-in-law, Dorbay. He next directed some changes in the Tuileries. An- other considerable achievement was the College dee

15 U TEBRIEB

(q. V.), it was finished by Harduuin-Mansart and later architects. But the first rough sketch and the sub- stantial form are due to Iicvau. Versailles became a standard, not only because of the imposing splendour of the interior and the exterior simplicitv, but above all through the fact that the court, instead of being en- closed, lay in front of tbe facade. Levau extended the so-called marble court of the old palace by the ad- dition of side wings, and, by pushing these back lat- erally, he gave to the court a greater breadth. He proceeded in the same way with the widely extended wings, which wore also pushed back sideways and en- close the present so-called King's (^urt. Louis XIV caused the long side wings to be extended still further, thereby giving an immense width to the front. Levau seems to be responsible for the monotonous garden fagade, while the chapel, among other thines, consti- tutes Mansart's claim to renonTi. The epoch-making church of 8t-Sulpice, a counlcriwrt of St-Eustache, was begun on Gamard's design in 1646. but it was really carried on hy Levau in his own style until 1660. when Gittard took his place. The cliurcb is planned on a large scale, but the effect docs not correspond to the vast design.

Las™, nin. del ardiilrrl't (Parin, 1873); Gcblitt, OfdL da Barotkiiiit &utlsan, 1KS7): Geyih 1.UIK m Haadbuck dtr ArchilrktoT ron Oarm, e,r.. 11 (StuttcBit. 1B98). vi. 1. For further particulnn njTuiiill Archire, de Tart fmncait and Nou- rdUt anJiiva dc I'ari fraa^ait. Q. GiBTMANN.

Le Vorrier, Thbais -Jean -Joseph, astronomer

and director of the observatory at Paris, b. at Saint lid, the ancient Briodurum later called Saint-Laudi- fanum, in north- western France, 11 May, 1811; d. at Pans, 25 Sep- tember, 1877. From 1831 tbe talented youth studied at the Ecole Polytech- nique with such success that at the end of his course he was appointed an instructor there. While connected with the school he j showed a strong predilection for mathematical

lAH-JoRIFB Le VlRBIBB

Quatn the ol

, __J church. The latter consisted

atructure: a cupola carried out without

over a cylinder which was not perfectly round, and four Hurtoimdirw spaces, in one of which was the mon- ument of the founder, Maiarin. During the entire course of the next century, Levau's influence was felt in palace-buQding on account of his work on the ex- teiuion of VersaDlea. Begun in 1624 by Lemercier

the " Mfcanique oileste". Le Ver- rier soon received an appointment in the govern- ment administration of tobaccos; later he became a professor at the College Stanislas at Paris, and finally, m 1646, he was appointed professor of celestial me- chanics in the faculty of sciences at the University of Paris. As eurly as 1839 he published a calculation of the variations of the planetary orbits tor the period of time from the year 100,000 a. c. to the year 100,000 A.D., in which lie proveiihyfigures thestabihty of the solar sj'stem, which Laplace hiid only indicated. His calculation of the transit of Mercur>' of 1845 and of the orbit of Faye's comet demonstrated his ability in that province in which he was soon to gain an almost un- dreamed-of triumph from the discovery, by means of theoretical calculation-s, of the planet Neptune. The variations ol)scrved in I'miius, up to then the most distant planet known, led iiim to look for tlie cause of the disturbance outride of its ori)it. His calculations enabled him to specify the very spot in the heavens where the liody causing the |>crturi>ations in question