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 LBUBITS

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LITIBOTJX

auihentica Con^gationis S. Rituum •. . promul- gata sub auspiciis Lconis XIII" (Rome, 1898).

V. Letters of Bishops. — Just as the popes rule the Church largely by means of letters, so also the bishops mi^e use of letters for the administration of their dio- oeses. The documents issued by a bishop are divided according to their form into pastoral letters, synodal and diocesan statutes, mandates, or ordinances, or decrees, the classification depending upon whether they have been drawn up more as letters, or have been issued by a synod or the chancery. The pastoral letters are addressed either to all the members of the diocese {litierce pastorales) or only to the cler©r, in this case generally in Latin (liMerce encycUca:) . The man- dates, decrees, or ordinances are issued either by the bishop himself or by one of his officials. The synodal statutes are ordinances issued by the bishop at the diocesan synod, with the advice, but in no way with the legislative co-operation, of the diocesan clergy. The diocesan statutes regularly speaking, are those episcopal ordinances which, because they refer to more wei^ty matters, are prepared with the obligatory or facultative co-operation of the cathedral chapter. In order to have legal force the episcopal documents must be published in a suitable manner and according to usage. Civil laws by which episcopal and also papal documents have to receive the approval of the State before they can be published are irrational and out of date (Vatican Council, Sess. Ill, De eccl., c. iii). (See Exequatur.)

For the extensive literature on papal lctt«re see works on papal diplomatics; Griaar in Kirchenfex., s.v. BuUen und Breven (to 18o4); Pttra, Analecta novissima bptcilegii Solesmenais. Altera continuatio. Tom. I: Dc epistolis d, regiatris Romanorum Poniiii- ctim (Paris, 1886); Brrhslau, Handhuch. derUrkundenlehrefQr Deutschland und Italien (Leipzig, 1880), 65 sqq.; Gnir, Manuel de diplomatique (Paris, 1804), 6ol sqq.; SrHMi-n-KALLENBERO, Die Lehre von den Papsturkunden in Meister, Orundriss der 0eschichtsuns9en8thafl (Leipzig, 1906 — ), I, pt. I, 172 sqq.: cf. also, Ptlugk-Harttuno, Die BtUlen der Papste bis turn Ende deals. Jahrhunderis (Gotha, 1901); Stkin acker. AfiUei/un^en dea Institute far oMcrreiehische Oeechichtsforachung, XXIII, 1 gaq.; Kehr, EroHnzungeband d. Alitteilungen, VI, 70 sqq.; Wbrnk. Jua decrdalium, I (2nd ed., Rome, 1905 — ), 159 sqq., 311 S9q., 350 sqq., 379 sqq.; Laurentius, InstittUionee juris ecclesia8tici{2iul (h1., Freiburg im Br., 1908), no. 11 sqq., 23 sqq., 288qq.: SXomOller. Lrhrbuch des katholischen Kxrmenrechts (2nd ed., Freiburg. MH)0), 858qq.. 129 sqq., 153 sqq., 164 sqq.

Johannes Baptist SaomDlleb.

LeubuSy a celebrated ancient Cistercian abbey, situated on the Oder, northwest of Breslau, in the Prussian Province of Silesia. The year of foundation is not quite certain, the deed of foundation of 1175, formerly considered genuine, having been proved a forgery, but the statement of the old Cistercian chroni- cles and Polish annalists, that I^eubus was founded 16 August, 1163, by Duke Boleslaus the Tall, is the most probable one. Formerly the Benedictines were there. The Cistercians of Leubus have done a great deal for tin? cultivation and Germanization of Silesia, which was formerly wilderness, primeval forest, morass and moorland, although their activity has been over- rated. The mother-house of Leubus was Pforta. From Leubus itself there sprang the houses of Mogila and Klara Tumlm at Cracow, Heinrichau at Munsterberg, and Kamcnz at Glatz. Leubus had extensive pos- sessions. In the Hussite wars the monastery with all the buildings was burned to the ground (1432). When it had recovered from these misfortunes, it was severely oppressed by the Dukes of Sagan and MOn- sterberg, and was in their possession for seven years (1492-98), the inmates of the convent having fled. The abbot Andreas Hoffmann (1498-1534) infused new life into the monastery. During the Thirty Years* War it was occupied by the Swedes in 1632 and pil- laged. All the treasures of the church fell into their hands. A few years later they returned once more and carried off the valuable library, which had taken centuries to collect, to Stettin, where it was after- wards destroyed by lightning. As long as the war lasted, Leubus was practically a ruin, but after the

peace Abbot Arnold (1636-72) restored it in a com- paratively short time and embellished the church and Duildings. He called in the skilful painter Michael Willmann, who was employed forty years at Leubus (until his death. 1706). Under Arnold and Johann IX (1672-91) theological and philosophical studies also flourished. The monastery reached its zenith under Ludwig Bauch (1696-1729), under whose rule the. enormous and imposing building was erected, which is considered the largest building in Germany and one of the largest in Europe. The principal facade is 225 metres long, the wings are 118 metres long. Under Constantine (1733-47) the interior was decorated, the hall of princes and the library being adorned with extravagant magnificence. In the first Silesian War. and in the Seven Years' War ^1740-42 and 1756-63), Leubus was terribly impoverished by the Prussians and Austrians, so that it had a debt of 200,000 Reichsthaler. On 21 Nov., 1810, it was suppressed by the Prussian Government and confis- cated with its 59 villages and 10 domains. Part of the buildings are now used as a lunatic asylum, in con- nexion with which the large and beautiful church is utilized for Catholic worship.

BuscHiNo, Die Urkunden des Klosters Letdnts (Breslau, 1821); Wattenbach, Monumenta Lu6e>tnd (Brealau, 1861); Thoma, Die Kolonisatorische TUtigkeii des Klosters Leubus (Leipsi^ 1894); ScHULTE, Die Anfdnge der deutschen Kolanisation %n Schlesien in Silesiaca (Breslau, 1898;) Wintera, Letdms in iSfw* dien und MitteUungen aus dem Benedictiner- und ZisUrzienstT' prrfCTi (1904), XXy, 502-614; 676-697; Weub. JCtojter LeubuB

in Schlesien (Breslau, 1908).

Klemens LOfflbr.

Leuce, a titular see of Thrace, not mentioned by any ancient historian or geographer. However, its bishop, Symcon, attended the (Council of Constanti-^ nople (Lequien, " Oriens Christ.*', 1, 1 167). The " No- titise cpiscopatuum'' of the tenth to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries mention Leuce among the suf- fragans of Philippopolis. It is probably the modern village of CJopolovo, south of Philippopolis, or Plovdiv, Bulgaria. g. PimuDfes.

Levadoux, Michaj:l, one of the first band of Sul- picians who, owing to the distressed state of religion in France, went to the United States and founded St. Mary's Seminary in Baltimore; b. at Clermont-Fer- rand, in Auvergne, France, 1 April, 1746; d. at Le- Puy-en-Velay, 13 Jan., 1815. He entered the Sul-

Eician Seminary at Clermont, 30 Oct., 1769, where e studied theology, then went to the " Solitude ", or Sulpician novitiate, for one year. He was ap- pointed, in 1774, director of the seminary at Limoges, where he remained till 1791. In consequence of the threatening aspect of affairs in France, Rev. J. A. Emery, Superior-General of the Sulpicians, deemed it prudent to found a house of their institute in some foreign country, and at the suggestion of Cardinal Dugnani, nuncio at Paris, the United States was chosen. Negptiations were opened with Bishop Carroll, but lately consecrated, and after some delay Rev. Francis C. Nagot, S.S.^as named first director of the projected seminary at Baltimore. With him were associated MM. Levadoux, Tessier, Gamier, and Montd^sir, to- gether with several seminarians. Rev. M. Delavau. Canon of St. Martin of Tours, and Chateaubriana joined the party, which sailed from St. Malo, 8 April, 1791, and after a tempestuous and roundabout voyage reached Baltimore 10 July. For one year M. leva- doux, as treasurer, assisted M. Nagot in organizing the Seminary of St. ^Iary*s, and was then sent by the latter to the Illinois mission, for which M. Emery had at first destined M. Chicosneau, deeming M. Levadoux a better administrator of temporal affairs. £m-

Sowered as vicar-general by Bishop Carroll, he took his eparture for the West on 15 Jan., 1792. His missionary labours centred around Cahokia and Kaskaskia. The registers of the latter place bear his sig-