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Ijdw«nbuiv,m Gennan, Lwihohrod in Rulhenian. It was founded in 1259 by the Ruthenian King Daniel for his son Leo, Prince of Halics, and took its name from that prince. Destroyed by the Tatars in 1261, it was rebtult in 1270 on the same spot by Prince Leo, as is recorded by the inscription on one of its gates: " Dux Leo mihi fundamenta jecit, posteri nomen de- dere Leontopolis'^ (Duke L«> laid my foundations, posterity gave me the name of LeontopoHs). In 1340 Casimir the Great, King of Poland, took possession of it, built two new castles, attracted German colonists to it, and gave it a charter modelled on that of Magde- buii^. In 1372 Louis of Huneaiy entrusted the ad- ministration of the city to Wladislaw, Prince of Op- S5ln; in 1387 it was given as dowry to the Princess edwig, by whose marriage with Jagellon it became a possession of the Polish Crown. Lemberg was thenceforward the recognized capital of the Russian territories dependent on Poland (i. e. Red Russia), which preserved their autonomy undiminished until 1 433. The city was one of the great entrepots of Euro- pean commerce with the East, which, after the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, followed for the most part the overland route. Lemberg was besieged many times — by the Lithuanians in 1350, the Wallachians in 1498, the Turks in 1524 and 1672, and the Cossacks in 1648 and 1655. Charles XII of Sweden took and plundered it in 1704. By the first partition of Poland it was assigned to Austria in 1772; finally, in 1848, it revolted and was bombarded.

Lemberg is situated in a deep and narrow vallev on the Pelter, a tributary of the Bug; the capital of the Austrian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, it con- tains — including ita many and populous suburbs — about 160,000 imiabitants, of whom 45,000 are Jews. Of the convents which, in the seventeenth century, gained for it the name of ''City of Monks '^ some still exist. Emperor Joseph II reduced the number of its churches from seventy-two to about twenty; some of them are very noteworthy — e. g. the Latin cathedral, built in the Cfothic style in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; the Ruthenian Catholic cathedral, built in 1740-9 in the neo-Italian style; the church of the Ber- nardines, with the tomb of St. John of Dukia, Patron of Lemberg; the Dominican, the Jesuit, the Wallach- ian, and other churches. The national Ossolinski In- stitute possesses a library of the highest value for the study of Polish literature and local history, containing more than 100,000 volumes and 4000 manuscripts. The university, founded in 1060 by Casimir of Poland, suffered especially from the withdrawal of the Jesuits and the political changes which culminated in Galicia becoming an Austrian province. It was restored in 1784, though with curtailed privileges and a much restricted staff, by Joseph II, who desired to keep the Polish youth from going to Vilna or Warsaw. Re- duced in 1807 to the rank of a lyceum, the university was once more established with some measure of its former autonomy in 1816. It now numbers about 200 professors and tutors, with 1900 students, 300 of whom attoid the faculty of Catholic theology. The city also possesses a large number of educational estaolish- ments for boys and girls, besides many benevolent in- stitutions.

Latin Archbishopbic. — ^The Latin Bishopric of Halics, in which that of Lemberg originated, appears to have been established no earlier than the year 1361. On 8 April, 1363, Urban V wrote to the Bishop of Gnesen to insist that King Casimir III of Poland should build a cathedral in the city of Lemberg, which he had recently taken from the Russian schismatics. Nevertheless, letters of Gregory XI, dated 13 Febru- ary, 1375, mention only the metropolitan See of Ha- lics, and the Bishoprics of Prsemysl, Chelm, and Vlad- bnir, student evidence that that of Lemberg was not yet established. On 3 March, 1375, the question is ouied of tnuuferring the See of Halicx to Lemberg, a DC— 10

transfer which was effected only in December, 1414^ by John XXIII. In 1501 Bishop Andreas Rosea was given the administration of Przemysl, but was trans- ferred in 1503 to the See of Gnesen; his successor, Bemardine Wilczek (1503-40), rebuilt the cathedral, which had been destroyed by fire. Many of the subse- quent bishops were famous; such were Stanislaus Urochovski (1634-45), a writer of religious poetry, and Nicholas Poplavski (1709-11), an ecclesiastical writer. A great many synods were held here from the siirteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Upon the opening of the Estates (or Diet) of Galicia, 13 February, 1817, Arch- bishop Skarbel Ankvics obtained the title of Primate of the Kingdoms of Galicia and Lodomeria, which title has been accorded since 1849 to the Ruthenian Cath- olic metropolitan. The Latin archdiocese has two suffragan bishoprics: Przemysl and Tamo v. It num- bers 920,000 faithful, 36,000 Protestants, and 550,000 Jews. There are 249 parishes, 579 secular and 290 regular priests — Dominicans, Franciscans, Capuchins, Jesuits, Carmelites, etc. There are also a great many religious women engaged in teaching and works of mercy. The seminary numbers 60 students.

Uniat Ruthenian Archbishopric. — After the coin version of the Ruthenians in this region to Christian- ity, the Bishopric of Halicz, suffragan to Kiev, was established for their benefit between 1152 and 1180. Halicz had been made a metropolitan see in 1345 by John Calecas, Patriarch of Constantinople, but in 134? it was again placed under the jurisdiction of Kiev, at the request of the Grand Duke Simeon of Moscow. 'Its metropolitan rank was restored to Halicz only after the Polish occupation of the province about 1371; it had four suffragans: Kulm, Ptzemysl, Turof, and Vladimir. In 1414 King Ladislaus, for some un- known reason, transferred the Latin See of Halicz to Leopol, and suppressed the Ruthenian metropolitan See of Halicz. The see was subsequently administered by vicars of the Metropolitan of Kiev until 28 October, 1539, when it was restored as a simple bishopric Macarius Tuczapsti, the titular, next year changea his residence to Lemberg and took the combined titles of Halicz and Lemberg, which his successors have borne, adding those of Kamenets and Podolia, when their jurisdiction extended so far. With the establishment of the Jesuits in this country began the reform of the extremely ignorant schismatic clergy, who gradually turned towards Rome. In 1597 the Bishop of Lem- berg, the celebrated Gideon Balaban, brought his dio- cese back to Catholicism^ but afterwards, tnrough hia ambition, he relapsed mto schism, and with him nearlv all his subjects. A council held at Lemberg in October, 1629, laboured in vain for the conversion of the diocese, and it was not until the end of the seven- teenth century that Bishop Joseph Czumlanski em- braced the cause of union, secretly at first in 1677, and then openlv in 1700. After Joseph came Barlaam Czeptyski (1710-5) and Athanasius Czeptyski (1715- 46), who, being promoted to the metropolitan See of Kiev, retained that of Lemberg with it. This example was followed by Leo Louis Czeptyski (1749-79), when he became metropolitan in 1762.

Under Peter Bielanski (1779-98) the Diocese of Lemberg, to which were imited those of Halicz and Kamenets, fortunately became the possession of Aus- tria, whose government took in hand the education of the clergy, who were poor and so ignorant as hardly to know their own rite. Maria Theresa had students sent to the seminaiy established at Vienna for the Hunga- rian Uniats. Joseph II turned the Dominican convent into a seminary for Ruthenians, adding to it the church and the garden, and soon the Ruthenian stu- dents had places reserved for them in the theological faculty of the city. On 22 February, 1807, Pius Vll, by the Bull "In universalis ecclesiss re^imine'S with- drew Lemberg from the metropolitan jurisdiction of Kiev and made it a metropolitan see, with Kulm and