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 LEQAtt 120 LEGATE

relations with the Holy See; at the same time when Cardinal Biartinelli 30 September, 1902, and took po»- sending an Apostolic delegate to a country which has session on 21 November, 1002. He was bom 20 diplomatic relations with the Holy See there is added September, 1842, at Pescocostanxo in the Abnixii, the title of envoy extraordinary, by which title he is Italy, and entered the Franciscan Order 2 September, accredited to the Government. Such are the Apo&- 1860. On the completion of his studies he was sent tolic delegates and envoys extraordinary to South as missionary to the United States to the mother- Ameriea, e. g. to Colombia, Peru, Bohvia, Ecua- house of the Franciscans at Alleghany, New York, and dor, Costa Rica, etc. Other Apostolic delegates, was ordained priest by Bishop Timon of Buffalo, 4 purely ecclesiastical in character, are those sent to the January, 1866. After filling several important posi- United States of America, Canada, Mexico, Philip- tions, he was sent, November. 1871, to Newfoundland, pines, Cuba, and Porto Rico. The Apostolic delega-. as rectorofthecathedral, ana secretary and chancellor tion to the United States deserves special mention, to the bishop. He left Harbor Grace in 1882, and in First, on account of its importance it is practically 1883 returned to Italy. In 1889 he was chosen procur- equivalent to a nimciatiure of the first class, as may be ator-^neral of his order, and in July, 1892, was precon- imerred from the Encyclical of 6 January, 1895 'ad- ized titular Bishop of Lacedonia. A few years later, he dre^ed by Leo XIII to the archbishops and bishops was promoted to the archiepiscopal See of Acerenza and of the United States, which declares: '' When the Matera in Southern Italy. Monsignor Falconio was Council of Baltimore had concluded its labours, the appointed first permanent Apostolic Delegate to Can- duty still remaincxl of putting, so to speak^ a proper ada, 3 August, 1899, and on 30 September, 1902, was and becoming crown upon the work. This we per- nominated Apostolic Delegate to the United States, ceived could scarcely be done in a more fitting manner The Holy See is also accustomed, according to cir- than through the due establishment by the Apostolic cumstances, to send so-called Apostolic vicars, who See of an American legation. Accordingly, as you are may be either bishops or prelates or simply members well aware, we have done this. By this action, as we of religious commimities. ^ Such representatives have have elsewhere intimated, we wished^ first of all, to alwajrs an ecclesiastical mission only, and are sent to certify that in our judgment and affection America examine the status of a diocese or seminaries, or occupied the same place and rights as other states, some religious body.

however powerful and imperial." Moreover, from the To nunciatures and Apostolic delegations is at-

beginning all the incumbents of this office have been tached a staff composed of an auditor and a secretary,

elevated to the cardinalate. Second, the Apostolic They are nominated by the Holy See, and are either

delegation to the United States has the power to decide of the first or second class. Sometimes the Holy See

appeals by definitive sentence; in other words it is a sends also to nunciatures a counsellor and an attach^,

tribunal of third instance, and from its decision there In the absence of nuncio or delegate the auditor takes

is regularly no appeal to the Holy See. This power, his place with the title of charge d'affaires, although grantea from the beginning, has been re- Among the envoys of the Holy See should be men-

cently confirmed by a declaration of Sbe Consistorial tioned also the Apostolic ablegate and the bearer of

Congregation to an inouiry of the Apostolic delegate the Golden Rose. The Apostolic able^te is geneally

at Washington, as to whether the ori^nal papal grant a Roman prelate or private chamberlain, sent to bear

of authority was to be continued, in view of the trans- the cardinal's biretta to a new cardinal who is absent

fer of the United States from the juris(iction of from the residence of the pope. He is accompanied by

Propaganda to the common law of the Church (Sa- a member of the Noble Guard, who carries the auc-

pienti Consiho, 4 November, 1908). The said reply, chetto, and by a private secretary. The ceremony of

given 8 May, 1909, establishes once for all that the conferring the birette is performed either by the head

parties are free to appeal from a sentence of a dioce- of the State, if in diplomatic relation with the Holy

san or metropolitan curia directly to Rome or to the See, or by the highest ecclesiastical dignitary in the

delegation, but, an appeal once made to the delega- coimtry. The bearer of the Golden Rose is appointed

tion, the sentence pronounced by the delegate is to be to carry the Golden Rose (blessed by the pope on

considered definitive. Lffitare Sunday of each year) to sovereigns or tc dis-

The Delegation of the United States was established tinguished individuals or to some famous church. In

by Leo XIII, 24 January, 1893. The first delegate 1895 this office was estabhshed permanently, was Monsignor Francesco Satolli, who in 1892 nad Right op Precedence op the Reprebbntattvbs of

been selected to represent the Holy See in the United the Holy See. — ^The question of precedence among

States at the World's Fair in Chicago, as papal com- the various diplomatic representatives to forei^

missioner. HewasbomatMarsciano,Arcn(iioceseof countries was treated at the Congress of Vienna m

Perugia, Italy, in 1839; d. at Rome, 8 Jan., 1910. 1815, and it was decided that it always appertains to

Acknowledged as one of the leading theologians of the the representatives of the Holy See. Hence nuncios

day, he was appointed by Leo XIII a professor in the are by right and in fact deans of the diplomatic body,

most famous theological schools of Rome, the Propa- Some objections were afterwards made, especially by

ganda college and Roman seminarv. lie was later England and Sweden, as to the precedence of Apos-

made president of the Academy of Noble Ecclesiastics tolic delegates and internuncios, these not being men-

in Rome (1886), and titular Arciibishop of Lepanto tioned in the Congress of Vienna; however, it ended

ri888); promoted to the cardinalate 29 November, in theur practical recognition as included in the

1895, he received the biretta in February, 1896, at decision ot said congress.

the cathedral of Baltimore, from Cardinal Gibbons. Sources.— D«Trf. Grat., dist. xxi. c. xl xxxvi, C. n, q. vl;

Cardinal Satolli was succeeded 27 Aug., 1896, by Compl.,lJA,i.xxn,deoff,leoaH.;n,l,t,xm\mieB]aopecreL

Monsignor Sebastian MartineUL an Augustinian. ^^^■^.,^i^"'iikivr4'^^ii^T,fNi,

Bom m August, 1848, he entered the Augustiman /j«pon»u>aJJtf«fropoZitano«3foj7Mn/.. ^rr^Co(<m..rf5a/i»frM.

Order in 1863 and was ordained priest in 1874. He JQ*/J<^ ^789); Pius IX. Const. Apott. Sed., no. 6; Ada 83.,

occupied many prominent positions in lus order cmd ^Xuthw8\:-Commentato« on the Corpus Juru at thk title;

was elected pnor general for the second term m 1895. Zbch. Hier, BccUs., XXV, De Leg. et Num.: Phillips. KtrM«n.

While in Nice, he was appointed Apostolic Delegate r*^* Ij,*^- ^^* °" ^ Torrb, De auctoritate . . ,legaton$ma

to the United States and created Archbishop, of '^^l'^i^Sul^'^u^''S'^'*^^aS^Z\ ^Jl

Ephesus m August, 1896. He was made cardinal n, cvii sqq.; and db Luisb, De jwepybl. aeu diptom. Bed,

15 April, 1901, and received the biretta 9 May of that Ca^^^l Audibio, Idm ator. e rap dMalkplam. Bedes.; Wbrni,

year in the cathedral of Baltimore from Cardinal ir.S:^^h'^^l^±TSLt^:^i^id\fr.^^.

Gibbons. The present Apostolic delegate (1909), rA« Law c//A« CAurdT (St, Louis, 1906). s. v.

Monsignor Diomede Falconio, a Franciscan, succeeded B. Cerrbtti.