Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 8.djvu/91

 INSTITUTES

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INSTITUTES

tricts, the Brothers are largely engaged in parochial schools; but they also conduct St. Alary's College at Oakland, the Sacred Heart College at San Francisco, and the Cliristian Brothers' College at Sacramento, together with academies at Berkeley, Portland, Van- couVer, and Walla Walla, and the St. Vincent Orphan Asylum, Marin Co., California, which contains 500 boys. The total number of pupils of the Brothers in the United States i.s thirty thousand. Their 94 houses are spread over 33 archdioceses and dioceses. It would not be possible in such an article as this to recall the memory of all the religious who, during the last sixty years, figured prominently in this develop- ment of their institute. Among those who have been called to their rew'artl, we may however mention the revered names of Brothers Facile and Patrick, as- sistants to the superior general.

Intellectu.il,, Activity. — The Brothers of the Christian Schools are too much absorbed by the work of teaching to devote themselves to the WTiting of books not of immediate utility in their schools. But, for the use of their pupils, they have written a large number of works on all the specialities in their courses of studies. Such works have been written in French, English, German, Italian, Spanish, Flemish, Turki.sh, Annamite, etc. The Brothers' schoolbooks treat of the following subjects: Christian doctrine, reading, writing, arithmetic, geometry, algebra, trigonometry, meclumics, history, geography, agriculture, physics, chemistry, physiology, zoology, botany, geology, the modern languages, grammar, literature, philosophy, pedagogy, methodology, drawing, shorthand, etc.

Annates de Vinstitul des frlres des ecotes chrCtiennes (Paris, 18S3): Essai historique sur la maison mire de I'institut des frirea des ecxiles chretiennes (Paris, 1905); Dubois-Bergerson. Les nouvelles ecoles a la Lancaster comparees avec V enseignement des fnres des ecoles chretiennes (Paris, 1817); La verite sw I'en- seignement muiuel (P.iris, 1821); Rendu, L'association en gene- rat, et particuli^rement Vassociaiion charitable des jrhres des ecoles chretiennes (Paris, 1845); D'.\rsac, Les frcres des ecoles chretiennes pendant la guerre franco-allemande de 1870-1871 (Paris, 1872): Rapport de Vacademie fran^aise sur le prix de Boston, decerne a I'institut des freres des ecoles chretiennes (Paris. 1872): American Catholic Quarterly Renew (October, 1879); Reports of the universal exhibitions of Paris, Vienna, Chi- cago, etc.; Caisse, L'institut des frcres des ecoles chretiennes, son origine, son but et ses aeuvres (Montreal, 1883): Chevalier, Les freres des ecoles chretiennes et l' enseignement primaire (Paris, 1887); Rendu, Sept ans de guerre ti V enseignement libre (Paris, 18S7); Catholic World (.\ugust, 1900; September, 1901): DES CiLLEULs, Histoire dc VenseignemeJit primaire (Purls, 1908): .,\ZARIAS. Educational Essays (Chicago, 1S96); Go- scjoT. Essai critique sur V enseignement primaire en France (Paris, 1905): JusTlNUS, Deposition dans I'enquete sur Ven- seignement secj}ndaire (Paris, 1S99); Cail, Rapport sur I'en- seignement technique dans les ecoles cathotiques en France (Paris, 1900); Autour de V enseignement congreganiste (Paris, 1905); Vespeyrem. La lutte scolaire en Belgique (Brussels, 1906): Bulletin de Vceurre de ,'iaint Jean Baplisle de La Salle; Bulletin des ecoles rhri'liennes ; Bulletin de Vccuvre de la jeunesse; Vedu- cation chretienne: Bulletins of the various alumni associations formed by iiraiiuates of the Brothers' Schools: Bulletins and reports publwhed tiy colleges, normal schools, etc.; Biographies of Brothers Iri^ni^e, Salomon, Philippe, Joseph, Scubilion, Exu- p<?rien, .\uguste-Huhert, .\lpert, L^on de J^sus etc.: Directoire pi'dagogique ii I'usage des ecoles chretiennes (Paris, 1903): Con- duile a I'usage des ecoles chretiennes (Paris, 1903); Elements de Pi'dagogie pratique {V-Jiris, 1901): Traite theorique et pratique de Pedigogie (Namur. 1901); Manuel de Pedagogie h Vxtsage des ecoles primnirca cathotiques (Paris. 1909).

Brother Paul Joseph.

Institutes, Rom.^x Historical, collegiate bodies established at Rome by ecclesiastical or civil authority for the purpose of historical research, notably in the Vatican archives.

I. The Earliest Scientific Uses of the Vati- can Archives. — In purely business matters or those of a political or diplomatic nature, the Roman ec- clesiastical authorities have always relied on the material abundantly stored up in their archives. A glance at the papal " Regesta " of the thirteenth century shows occasional reference to documents formerly kept in the archives, but which had been lost. In time these references multiply and point to a constant official intercourse between the Curia and

the keepers of the Apostohc archives. It is rare that such references disclose a purely scientific interest, and then only when foreign authorities inquire after documents that would facilitate domestic researches on given topics. Then, as now, it was the official duty of the personnel of the archives to attend to all such matters. In the fifteenth and sixteenth cen- turies the awakening critical investigation of the past led some scholars to resort to the rich treasures of the papal archives, and they were always treateil with the utmost courtesy. The most far-reaching and efficient use of the archives for historical purposes began with Ca;sar Baronius, later cardinal, and author of the well-known monumental work on ecclesiastical his- tory, undertaken at the instance of St. Philip Neri, " Annales ecclesiastici a Christo nato ad annum 1198", in twelve folio volumes (Rome, 1.5SS-1.593). Through this work, and in the several continuations of it by others, the world first learned of the great wealth of historical documents contained in the Roman ar- chives, and especially in the archives of the \'atican. The extensive "Bullaria", or compilations of papal decrees, general and particular (see Bills .\nd Briefs), are drawn in part from the archives of the recipients, but could never ha\"e reached their impos- ing array of volumes had not the Vatican furnished abundant material.

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, eccle- siastical historians and the writers of the almost countless monographs (some of them very valuable) concerning local churches, monasteries, ecclesias- tical institutions, etc. were greatly aided by the officials of the archives, themselves often scholarly investigators. In this respect the papal arcliivist, Augustin Theiner (1804-74) accomplished very far- reaching work, of great service to certain medieval countries or groups of countries, when he published, in many folio volumes, a multitude of documents relative to the ecclesiastical and civil history of Northern, Eastern, and Southern Europe, also a tlocu- mentarj' treatise in three folio volumes on the tempo- ral dominion of the pope and its administration. In the same period, i.e. from about 18.50 to 1S7.5, several other investigators, chiefly German and Austrian, in one way or another secured admittance to the papal archives. These events and other influences in- creased the desire of all scholars for the opening of this valuable repository of important historical docu- ments. Although under Pius IX it became some- what easier to obtain a permit for private research, the turbulent political conditions of his reign forbade anytliing like a general opening of the Vatican Archives.

II. Opening of the Vatican Archives. — "We have nothing to fear from the pubhcation of docu- ments ", exclaimed Leo XIII, when on 20 June, 1879, he appointed the ecclesiastical historian, Joseph Her- genrother, "Cardinal Archivist of the Holy Roman Church" (Palmieri, " Introite ed Esiti di Papa Nic- colo III", Rome, pp. xiv, xv; Friedensburg, "Das kgl. Preussische Historische Institut in Rom", Berlin, 1903, passim). By this act he opened to students the archives of the Vatican, more especially what are known as the secret archives, despite strong oppo- sition from several quarters. It took until the begin- ning of 1881 to arrange all preliminaries, including the preparation of suitable quarters for the work, after which date the barriers were removed which, until then, with a few exceptions, had shut out all investi- gators. The use of these treasures was at length regularized by a papal Decree (n-golamento) of 1 May, 1884, whereby tlois important matter was finally removed from the province of discussion. In the meantime the pope had addressed to the three car- dinals, Pitra. De Luca, and Hergenrother, his now famous letter on historical studies (IS Aug., 1883).

III. Scientific Rese.arch in the Secjiet Ar-