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 LANSPERGIUS

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LANZI

some may have regarded the stnisgle from a different standpoint. The pope, naturally more in sympatliy with authority than with those in apparent rebellion against it, bound moreover by duty and interest to care for the rights of his vassal, and assailed with re- ports from the king's side and misrepresentations of the archbishop, might clearly be expected to take a different course from Langton. Thus we find him re- monstrating with the primate and the barons, declar- ing the confederacy void, annulling the Great Charter, and bidiling the archbishop excommunicate the dis- turbers of the kingdom. When Langton, though con- senting to one general issue of the sentence, refused to repeat the excommunication — partly on the ground that it was issueil under a misapprehension, and partly because he wished first to see the pope himself — he was rebuked and suspended from his office. This sentence came to him on his way to Rome to attend the Fourth Lateran Council, and it was confirmed by the pope himself on 4 Nov., 1215. In the following spring Langton was absolved, but was required to remain in Rome iHitil peace was restored. This gave him a brief rest after all his struggles, and in 1218, when iioth Innocent and John were dead and all parties in Eng- land were united under Henry III, he returned to his see.

III. The Archbishop. — After his return from Rome in 1218 Langton devoted the closing ten years of his episcopate to peaceful and fruitful pastoral labour. It might be thought that there was little scope here for any great achievements comparable to his earlier work as a scholar and a statesman, and that there would be little to distinguish his life in this time of peace from that of other Catholic prelates. One who had already laboured and suffered so much might well have been pardoned for leaving to younger and more fortunate successors any large works of reform. Yet he has left his mark on the history of Canterbury See by his code of forty-two canons published in a pro- vincial synod. To quote the emphatic words of a recent biographer. "On Sunday, 17 April, 1222, Ste- phen opened a church council at Osney which is to the ecclesiastical history of England what the assem- bly at Runnymede is to her secular history" (Norgate, loc. cit. infra).

The chief sourrcs for Langton'a history are the old English chroniclers, notably Roger de Wendover, Flores Historiarum, and Matthew Paris; CantcThurij Chronicle (all in Rolls Series) ; contemporary documents in Wilkins, Concilia Magnm Britan- nia. I; Lcller.i '<! Innocent III: D'AcatRY, Spidlegium. See also LmaARD, History of England, II; Pattison, Life of Stephen Langton, Archhishop of Canterbury in Lives of the English Saints; NoRGATK in Diet. Nat. Biog., s. v.; Scbmid, Ueber vcrschied. Einteil. d. heil. Schrift. bes. Steph. Langtons (1892); Feret, Hist. de. la faculle de thiol, de V Univ. de Paris, I, 276.

W. H. Kent.

Lanspergius (John Justus of Landsberg), Carthusian monk and ascetical writer, b. at Lands- berg in Bavaria, 14S9; d. at Cologne, 11 Aug., 1539. His family name was Gerecht, of which Justus is merely a Latin translation. The appel- lation, however, by which he is generally known is that of Lanspergius (of I^andsberg), from his birthplace. After studying philosophy at the Uni- versity of Cologne, he joined the Carthusian Order at the age of twenty (1509), entering the Charterhouse of St. Barliani at Cologne. He was named novice- master there in 1,520, and in 15.30 became prior of the Charterhouse of Cantave near Juliers, where, accord- ing to Hartzheitn. ho was also preacher [concionator) to the Court of William, Duke of Juliers, and con- fessor to the (hike's ninth<T. The \uihe;dthy climate of that country, together with the fatigue resulting from his continuous literary labours and his excessive austerities, so ruined his health, already impaired by various internal complaints, that in 15.34, he had to return to Cologne, where, a few years later, he was named sub-prior and remained in that office until his

death. He was a monk of saintly life, employing all the time lie could spare from his duties towards others in prayer, contemplation, and writing on ascetical and mystical subjects. His literary works comprise para- phrases and homilies on the Epistles and (iospels of the liturgical year, sermons for Sunilays and festivals, meditations and discourses on the Life and Passion of Christ, and a variety of treatises, sermons, letters, meditations, etc. onsubjects pertaining to the spiritual life. He was not a polemic. Among his productions the only ones of a controversial kind are two disserta- tions against Lutheran errors and in defence of the monastic life. These two treatises are also all that he wrote in German, his other writings being in Latin.

The cliief feature of his writings is a deep, ardent, and tender piety. The love of God for man, calling for a corresponiling love of man for God, such is his usual theme treated in various ways. One thing par- ticularly worthy of mark is the frequency with which he speaks of the Heart of Christ, and pressingly ex- horts every Christian to take the Sacred Heart as an object of special love, veneration, and imitation. In- deed it may perhaps be said that no one before him had laid down and explained so clearly the principles upon which that devotion is grounded, nor had so developed their practical application. He was one of the last, and was perhaps the most precise in language, of those whose written teachings paved the way for Blessed Margaret Mary and her mission, and helped to prepare the Catholic mind for the great devotion of modern times. To him also Catholics owed the first Latin edition (Cologne, 1536) of the " Revelations of S. Gertrude ". The best known of his treatises is the " Alloquia Jesu Christi ad animani fidelem ", which has been translated into Spanish, Italian, French, and English. The English translation, done by Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, who died in the Tower under Elizabeth, has reached its fourth edition (London, 1867). A new and revised edition of all the works of Lanspergius in Latin has been issued by the Carthu- sian press of Notre-Dame-des-Pres (Tournai, 1890), in five quarto volumes. The same press has published separately the treatise "Pharetra Divini Amoris" (18mo., 1892) and a French version of the " Alloquia ", bearing the title: " Entretiens de Jesus Christ avec I'amefidele" (18mo, 1896).

BoUTRAls, Lansperge-le-Chartreux et la devotion au Sacr6- Cwur (Paris, 187S); Hartzueim, Biblioth. Colonien. (Cologne. 1747).

Edmund Gurdon.

Lantern, in Italian or modern architecture, a small structure on the top of a dome, for the purpose of admitting light, for promoting ventilation, and for ornament. The name is also given to any such pro- jection, even if it has no such openings and serves merely for decoration. Examples: the Karlskirche (church of St. Charles Borromeo), Vienna; chapel of Montepulciano, Italy; St. Peter's, Rome; St. Paul's, London; St. Isaac's cathedral, St. Petersburg; Sta Maria della Salute, Venice; Sta Maria del Fiore, Florence; the Frauenkirche, Dresden; church of the Val de Grace, Paris; St. St('])hon's, Wnlbrook, Lon- don; Sta Maria di Monte Santo. Home; Madonna della Stcccata, Parma: St. .Augustine's, Paris; chapel of the Little Well, Guiidalupc, .Mexico; church of the Oratory, London; church at Loyola, Biscay, Spain; La Supcrga, Turin; Sta Maria di Carignano, Genoa; Palermo cathedral.

Topical .irchiteeture: Ecelcsiastical Domes (Boston. 1904;) Parker, Glossary of Architecture, I, 222.

Thom,\s H. Poole.

Lanzi, Luini, an Italian archseologist, b. at Mont Olmo, near Macerata, in 17,32; d. at Florence in 1810. In 1749 he joined the Society of Jesus, on the suppres- sion of which, in 1773, the Grand-Duke of Tuscany made him assistant director of the Florentine Mu-