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LANFRAJNC

growth of a proletariat therein has brought on other problems. It has produced, under the guidance of certain philosophers, many of them not European in descent, the conception of Collectivism, which, as an abstract theory, denies that old indestructible con- ception of ownersliip in land and would treat all land as the property of the sovereign. But this academic theory has made, and can make, no progress upon the soil, and it may be confidently said that the old Ro- man idea of absolute and divided ownership is se- cure.

H. Belloc.

Lando, Pope (913-14), a native of the Sabina, and the son of Taino, elected pope seemingly in July or August, 913; d. in February or March, 914, after a reign of a little over six months. Nothing more is known of him except that he was a worthy man, and granted a privilege to a church in his native Sabina.

Liber Ponlificalis, II, 239; Kehh, Italia Pontificia. II (Berlin, 1907), 73; Mann, Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, IV, 147 sqq.

Horace K. Mann.

Landriot, jEAN-FRANfois-ANNE, French bishop, b. at Couches-les-Mines near Autun, 1816; d. at Reims, 1874. Ordained in 1839 from the seminary of Autun, he became, after a few years spent at the cathedral, suc- cessively superior of the seminary, 1842; vicar-general, 1850; Bishop of La Rochelle, 1856, and Archbishop of Reims, 1867. During his ten years' stay at La Rochelle he restored the cathedral, organized the Propagation of the Faith and the Peter's-pence collections, and won a reputation as a pulpit orator. A true bishop, he made it a rule to announce personally the Word of God either in his cathedral or in some city of his dio- cese. At Reims, besides preaching many Advent and Lenten stations, he raised a large subscription for the pontifical army, established several educational insti- tutions, founded an asylum for the aged, and in- trusted St. Walfroy to the Priests of the Mission. As a member of the Vatican Council, he deemed inoppor- tune the definition of papal infallibility, but, once de- creed, he adhered to its promulgation and even WTotc to his diocesans urging them to accept it uncondition- ally. Lacroix (" Mgr. Landriot pendant ['occupa- tion allemande", Reims, 1898) shows Landriot's in- fluence in allaying the measure of rigour resorted to by the victorious Germans during their occupation of Reims in 1870. In the question of the ancient classics Landriot refused to subscribe to the extreme views of Gaume and "L'Univers". An eloquent preacher, he was also an ascetic writer of note. Beside his pastoral works collected in the "CEuvres de Mgr. Landriot" (7 vols., Paris, 1864-74), we have from his pen, all pub- lished in Paris: " Recherches historiques sur les ^coles litt^raires du Christianisme " (1851); "Examen cri- tique des lettres de I'Abb^ Gaume sur le paganisme dans I'^ducation" (1852); "La femme forte" (1862); "La femme pieuse" (1863); "La priere chr^tienne" (1863): "Le Christ et la tradition" (1865); "Les beatitudes 6vang61iques " (1865); "Le Symbolisme" (1866); "L' Eucharist ie" (1866); "La Sainte Com- munion" (1872); "L'Autorit^ et la liberte" (1872); " L'esprit Chretien dans I'enseignement" (1873); "In- structions sur I'oraison dominicale" (1873); "L'Es- prit Saint" (1879), etc.

La France ccclcsiastique (Paris, 1875): L'cpiscopat fran^ais depuis le concordat jusqu^i la separation (Paris, 1907), s. vv., La Rochelle and Reims: biographies bj; Menu (Reims, 1867), Caossettb (Reims, 1874), Ahsac (Reims, 1874), Reidot (Au- tun, 1895).

J. F. SOLLIER.

Lanfranc, .\rclibishop of Canterbury, b. at Pavia, c. 105;(l.at (';iiil(Tbiiry,21 Mny, 10S9.' Somesay his father was of senatorial rank, others accord him a. some- what humlilcr station, lie received a liberal education

according to the standard of the age, notwithstanding the death of his parents during his tender years. On reaching manhood he applied himself to the study and practice of the law with marked success, but left Pavia for the purpose of devoting himself to the pursuit of learning. He made his way to France, and attached himself to a school at Avranches, in Normandy, where he became noted as a teacher. At a later period, a vocation to the religious life developing itself in him, he quitted Avranches secretly, only taking with him one Paul, a relative. His biographer tells us he was robbed on the road, but eventually made his way to Bee, where Abbot Herluin was then engaged in build- ing a monastery which he had recently founded. He was received into the ranks of the little poverty- stricken community after the customary period of probation, and applied himself to Biblical studies. In time, he was appointed prior of the monastery by Herluin, and was then enabled to open a school there, which rapidly became famous, and attracted scholars from many parts of Europe, several of whom rose to high rank in after years, especially the future pope, Alexander II, and Anselm, who succeeded Lanfranc both as prior of Bee and as Archbishop of Canterbury.

In May, 1050, being in Rome on business, he at- tended the council there and opposed the heresies that had of late years been broached by Berengarius on the subject of the Sacrament of the Altar, denj'ing the mode of the Real Presence. Through the contents of a certain letter, Lanfranc came to be suspected of shar- ing Berengarius's erroneous views, but he so ably ex- plained his own opinions that he has stood forth ever since as the principal exponent of the doctrine which has from that date been labelled with the name of Transubstantiation. Needless to say, that doctrine did not take its rise then, or through Lanfranc; but his masterly <'xposition of the Faith (always held by the Church implicitly, and merely enucleated by him) was given with a elciirness and precision of definition such as has lieen handeil down through succeeding ages to ourselves. During the same year, at the Council of Vercelli, he once more upheld the orthodo.x belief against Berengarius, and again at Tours, in 1055, and finally secured the triumph of truth over error, of authoritative teaching over private interpretation, in the definition of the Lateran Council, held under Nich- olas II in 1059. At a later date, probably about 1080, he wrote " De Corpore et Sanguine Domini " against the errors which IJerengarius had continued to dis- seminate, notwithstanding various retractations and submissions.

All these activities made Lanfranc a man of such note that William, Duke of Normandy, employed him as one of his counsellors. He, however, forfeited the ducal favour about 1052-53, on account of opposing William's union with Matilda of Flanders, on the ground of their relationship within the prohibited de- grees of kindred, and was, in consequence, ordered to leave the duke's dominions. On his journey to the frontier he happened to meet Duke William, who roughly asked him why his orders were not being obeyed. Lanfranc jestingly replied that he was obey- ing them as fast as a lame horse would allow him to do so. William appears to have been mollified by the answer, a reconciliation followed, and it would seem that Lanfranc undertook to forward negotiations for securing the needful dispensation from the pope. This he finally obtained in 1059, as well as the removal of the interdict which had been laid upon Normandy. In 1066 he was appointed to the Abbacy of St. Ste- phen's at Caen, one of the two abbeys lately founded by Duke Willi:im and his wife Matilda as one of the conditions of the papal dispensation from matrimonial inipeclinicnts, and the ratification of their previously uncanonieal union. This year is further remarkable as chronicling the defeat of Harold, King of the Eng- lish, at Hastings, and the consequent conquest of