Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 8.djvu/843

 LAMBTON

761

LAMEGO

bruschini Secretary of State. This appointment aroused much discontent among the Romans, but it was soon evident that Lambruschini was the proper man for the post. His character and disposition ac- corded perfectly with those of the pope: in the eccle- siastico-poHtical relations with other nations both were persuaded that it was time to abandon the conciliatory policy inaugurated by Benedict XIV, a conviction that was soon justified by events. The oc- casion was the Cologne question, which had arisen in 1837 out of the imprisonment of Mgr. Droste-^'isch- ering, Archbishop of Cologne. The diplomatic docu- ments exchanged at this time between the Holy See and the Prussian Government, and published in 1838, are models of clear exposition, close argument, and elegant form. Gorres described the series as a " calm, vigorous, masculine, and substantial polemic". Lam- bruschini's firm stand caused the recall of Bunsen, the Prussian minister at Rome. Next to Consah-i and Pacca, Lambruschini was among the greatest diplo- mats of the Holy See in the nineteenth century. As regards the internal policy of the Pontifical States, he, like Gregory XVI, was opposed to the constitutional form, and certainly, if we consider the arrogance of Liberalism under Gregory, neither the pope nor his secretary can be charged with serious error.

In the first ballot of the conclave of 1846, Lam- bruschini received a majority of the votes, but not enough for election. When Pius IX was chosen, Lam- bruschini recognized that he could not follow the policy of the new pope, who favoured constitutionalism. He accordingly resigned his office for that of secretary of Briefs, and later that of prefect of rites. In the Revolution of 1848 he was the object of especial ha- tred; his dwelling was plundered, his bed cut to pieces with ilaggers, and he himself was scarcely able, dis- guised as a stableman, to join Pius IX at Gaeta. As the Suburbicarian Bishop of Porto and Santa Rufina he restored the cathedral of Porto. He was also commendatory Abbot of Farfa, where he founded a seminary. He was buried in the college of the Barna- bites at Catinari, where he had spent a great part of his religious life. He published " Opere spirituali " in three volumes (Rome, 1838) and later a small work in defence of the Immaculate Conception.

Gi.«iB.\TTisTA, brother of the preceding, d. at Orvieto, 24 Nov., 1826. He was vicar-general of Genoa, whence he was expelled by Napoleon in 1800, when he went to Rome. Appointed Bishop of Or- vieto in 1807, he was deported to France for not taking the oath. In 1814 he returned to Orvieto.

Raffaele, nephew of Luigi and Giambattista, b. at Genoa, 14 August, 1788; d. 8 March, 1873, at Figline in Tuscany. As a priest he was first with his uncle Giambattista at Orvieto. Being suspected of Liberal ideas, he returned to Figline, where he devoted him- self to the natural sciences, especially agriculture, and in 1827 founded the " Giornale Agrario Toscano". He also established an educational institution, and pub- lished (1836-44) the "Guida dell' educatore", as well as several pedagogical and scholastic works. In 1848 he was elected to the Parliament of the republic, and in 1860 was appointed senator of the realm. He was also consul of the Accademia della Cru.sca and (1868- 69) professor at the Institute of Higher Studies at Florence.

Sc ILECBT in Kirchlkhes Handlexikon (Munich, 1907 — ), s. v.; Bbosch. Gesch. des Eirchenstaats, II (1883).

U. Benigni.

Lambton, Joseph, Venerable, English martyr, b. 1569; d. at Newcastle-on-Tyne. The day of his death is variouslv given as 23 June, 23 July, and 27 July, and the year as 1592 and 1593; but from a letter of Lord Huntingdon if is clear he died before 31 July, 1592. and Father Holtby 's Stonyhurst MS. says he died on a Mon- day, so that the probable date is 24 July, 1592. He was the second son of Thomas Lambton of Malton-in-

Rydall, Yorks, and Katharine, daughter of Robert Birkhead of West Brantlon, Durham. He arrived at the English College, Reims, in 1.5S4, and at the Eng- lish College, Rome, in 15S9. Being allowed to cur- tail his theological course, he was ordained priest when only twenty-three, and sent on the mission on 22 .\pril, 1.592. He was arrested at Newcastle on landing with the Ven. Edward Waterson, and condemned at the next assizes under 27 Eliz., c. 2. He was cut down alive, and the reprieved felon who acted as hangman refused to complete the sentence, which was at last carried out by a Frenchman practising as a surgeon at Kenton.

GiLLOw, Bibl. Dirt. Eng, Calh. (I>ondon and New York, 1885- 1902), s. v.; Catholic Record Sorielii's Publications (London, 1905 — ), V, 212, 228, 231, 293; Challoner, Missionary Priests, I. 298.

John B. Wainewbight.

Lamego, Diocese of (Lamecensis), situated in the district of Vizeu, province of Beira. Portugal. The city has a Gothic cathedral, with a high tower, and a Moorish castle, and is known as the meeting-place of the famous parliament of 1143, which settled the royal succession for the Kingdom of Portugal anil estab- lished the old feudal Cortes, convened for the last time in 1698; the Cortes of Lamego spoken of in mod- ern Portuguese history isthe one called bvDom Miguel after he had dissolved the constitution in 1828. Ac- coriling to local but untenable tradition the city re- ceived the Gospel from St. James the Greater, or St. Paul. JIany Portuguese authorities mention as first Bishop of Lamego Petrus Rathensis, who is said to have been a disciple of the Apostle St. James, and who subsequenth' became first Bishop of Braga and a mar- tyr (see Br.\ga, Archdiocese of). The authentic history of the See of Lamego Ix-gins with Bishop Sar- dinarius, who.se signature appears in connexion with the Second (Third) Council of Braga (572) among the suffragans of the well-known ilartin of Braga. Shortly before this, at the Council of Lugo (569), at the commission of Iving Theodomir, several new dio- ceses were created. It is probable, therefore, that the foundation of the See of Lamego took place between 569 and 572. Among its early bishops are: PhiUp- pus (c. 580-89), Profuturus (c. 630-38), Witaricus (c. 646), Filiinirus (653-56), but scarcely more than tlieir names is known. In 666 a new circumscription of the Lusitanian sees was made, by which Lamego was placed under the jurisdiction of Merida (Hef- ele, "Conciliengeschichte", III, 2nd ed., Freiburg im Br., 110). From 693 to 876 there is a gap in the epis- copal list of Lamego. On the invasion of the Moors, in 714, the Bishop of Lamego, like many of his con- temporaries, was obliged to take refuge in the Asturias. It is not until 876 that we again come acro.ss a Bishop of Lamego, Argimirus (Florez, " Espana Sagrada), who is apparently identical with Argimirus (II) who, in 899, took part in the consecration of the cathedral of Compostela (cf. Lopez Ferreiro, "Historia de la Santa \. M. Iglesia de Santiago de Compostela", II, Santiago. 1.S99, 192). It is doubtful if even the few known bishops of Lamego who are mentioned during the time of the Moors (except Argimirus, Brandericus, Pantaleon. and Jacobus) resided at all at Lamego; it is probable that they were only titular liishops, especially as .\lmansur of Cordova destroyed the city in 982. This confusion lasted till Ferdinand the Great reconquered the city in 1057 (or 1038?) and the Church was reorganized. In 1071 a Bishop Peter of Lamego is mentioned in a deed of gift by the Infanta Urraca, daughter of Ferdinand the (jreat, to the Church of Tuy. The see seems to have been vacant for several decades, as is evident from a letter of Pope Paschal II (1099-1118) to Bishop Mauritius of Coim- bra. When Portugal was established as an indepen- dent kingdom, in 1143, by Alfonso I, the See of La- mego was revived and the Augustinian Mendo Godinug