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LAMBRXJSCHINI

learned world, and obtained for its author a Brief of congratulation and encouragement from Pope Pius IX, 1 May, 1S52, and a "very honourable mention" from the French Institute, 12 Nov. of the same year. Lambillotte now undertook to emliody the results of his investigations in a new and complele edition of the liturgical cliant books. He lived to finish this exten- sive work, but not to see its publication. The Gradual and the Vesperal appeared 1855- 1850 in both Gregorian and modern notations, under the editorship of Father Dufour, who had for years shared the labours of Lam- billotte. He also published the "Esth^tique ", a volume of 418 pages, 8°, setting forth Lambillotte's views on the theory and the practice of Gregorian music. This treatise is the best testimony to the author's untiring zeal and critical ability.

Dom Pothier, the learned Benedictine, who has gone over the same ground, and who has just succeeded in completing the Gregorian restoration, .says of the "E.sthetique " that it is "filled with precious informa- tion" (Melodies Grgoriennes, p. 145, note). At the same time he calls attention to some serious errors in translation, and even in reading, on the subject of rhythm, which, he holds, have been conclusively re- futed by Clianoine Gontier, in his "M^thode de Plain Chant ", pp. 96 etc. De Monter also speaks of grave errors and numerous assertions contrary to its own method, that have crept into the treatise. He attrib- utes the introduction of the sharp into the Gregorian scales to the editors of this po.sthumous work (p. 207). Lambillotte's "Gradual" and "Vesperal" were adopted by only a small numljer of French dioceses. The time had really not yet arrived for the practical application of theories, nor for the introduction of the full text of St. Gregory. This Lambillotte seems to have felt when he so far yielded to the temper of his generation as to make some of those very cuts and alterations which had been the chief reproach of former editions. Twenty-five years were still to elapse before the classical work in Gregorian music, the "Melodies Gri^goriennes " by Dom Pothier, O.S.B., could make its appearance (Tournay, 18S0), and an- other twenty-five before the teaching of Dom Pothier was to receive official sanction and practical applica- tion through the Vatican edition, now in progress of publication. To Father Louis Lambillotte belongs the credit of having successfully inaugurated this im- portant movement. By his writings the issue of Gregorian restoration was forced upon the world; by his researches and especially by the publication of the " Antiphonarium of St. Gregory", this arduous enter- prise was placed on a solid, scientific basis. His con- temporaries placed the following inscription on his tomb at Vaugirard;- —

Qui cecinit Jesum et Mariam, eripuitque tenebris Gregorium, hunc superis insere, Christe, choris.

Receive, O Christ, into Thy choirs above him who sang the praises of Jesus and Mary, and rescued the music of Gregory from the darkness of ages.

The detailed list of works is given bv Sommervogel in Bi- bliothique de la C" de Jesus. IV (Paris, 1893) ; also by De Monter in Etudes biographiques et critiques, III, Louis Lambillotte et ses frtres, which contains a portrait by Jacott, and two autographs (Paris, 1871); Didot, Nouvelle biographic generale; Ffexis, Bio- graphie des Musiciens, 2nd ed.; Le Glay, SuppUm. au Diction, de Feller, 18.56: Soullier, De la restoration du chant Gregorien in Etudes religieuses, XLVI (1889), 12-15.

J. B. Young.

Lambin, Denis (Dionysius Lambinus), French philologist, b. about 1520, at Montreuil-sur-mer, in Picardy; d. at Paris, 1572, from the effects of the shock given to him by the Massacre of St. Bartholo- mew. He began his studies at Amiens. He entered the service of the Cardinal de Tournon, whom he ac- companied on two visits to Italy (1.549-5.3; 1555-60). In this way he saw Rome, Venice, and Lucca, and was brought into contact with Italian scholars such as

Faemo, Muret, Sirleto, Fulvio Orsini. During his so- journ in Venice, at the suggestion of the Cardinal de Tournon, he translated Aristotle's "Ethics" (1558). Later he translated the "Politics" (1567), and also vari- ous orations of Jjischines and of Demosthenes (1565, 1587). Shortly before his death he published a dis- course on the asefulness of Greek studies and on the method of translating Greek into Latin (1572). On his return to France (1561) he was appointed royal professor of Latin language and literature in the Col- lege de France, but that same year he was transferred to the chair of Greek. However, excepting his trans- lations and an edition of Demosthenes (1570), his most important works are editions of Latin authors: Horace (1561), Lucretius (1564), Cicero (1566), Cornelius Ne- pos (1569). In the matter of these four authors Lam- bin's work shows a marked advance, and opens a new era in the history of their text. He does not, how- ever, indicate with sufficient exactness the manu- scripts he consulted. It is evident that for Lucretius he had examined one of the two manuscripts recog- nized as fundamental by Lachmann. Moreover, the commentary on Horace and Lucretius is extensive and accurate, contains many quotations, correct remarks, and explanations based on a profound knowledge of Latin. Lambin does not affect the rigorous method of modern philologists. Like older scholars he is often capricious, arbitrary, erratic. Despite these defects, common in his day, Lambin's work retains an import- ant value and is consulted even to-day.

In 1559 Muret published his "Variae Lectiones". Lambin recognized in it some of his own notes on Hor- ace, and accused Muret of having abused his confi- dence and plagiarized him. In 1561 he published their correspondence. The two former friends, more- over, were separated by their tendencies. Muret had become a friend of the Jesuits, whom Lambin detested on account of their differences with the University of Paris. Lambin was regarded by the Catholics of Italy as inclined to heresy, although on 8 July, 1568, he, with seven of his colleagues, took the oath of Catholi- cism. Before his death Lambin had undertaken a com- mentary on Plautus, and had begun the notes on the thirteenth play, the "Mercator". His notes, though imperfect and unmethodical, were published (1576) after his death.

Lazerus (Lazzari or Lazzeri), De Dionysio Lambino nar- ratio in Orelli, Cicero, VI {Onomaslicum Tullianum, I), 478; Urlichs, Geschichte der klassichen Altertumswissenschaft (2nd ed., Munich, 1891) in Muller, Handbuch, I, 51; Sandys, A His- tory of Classical Scholarship, II (Cambridge, 1908), 188; RlT- SCHL, Opuscula Philologica, II (Leipzig, 1868). 117; Munro, T. Lucreti Cari de rerum natura, 4th ed, I (Cambridge, 1886). 14; Potez, Deux annees de la Renaissance d'apres une correspon- dance inedite [of Lambin] in Revue d'histoire littcraire de la France, XIII (1906), 458, 658.

Paul Lejay.

Lamb of God. See Agnus Dei.

Lambruschini, Luioi, Cardinal, b. at Sestri Le- vante, near Genoa, 6 March, 1776; d. at Rome, 12 May, 1854. As a youth he entered the Order of the Barnabites, in which he held many important offices. On account of his learning he was made consultor of several Roman Congregations, and in 1815 accom- panied Cardinal Consalvi to the Congress of Vienna in the capacity of secretary. After his return to Rome he was made secretary of the Congregation of Extraor- dinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, then recently instituted by Pius VII, and thus took a great part in concluding concordats with various states, especially with Naples and Bavaria. In 1819 he was appointed Archbishop of Genoa and governed the archdiocese with prudence and zeal. His eloquent sermons attracted large au- diences, and his pastoral letters exhibit much spiritual unction. In 1827 Leo XII sent him as nuncio to Paris, but the Revolution of July, 1880, compelled him to interrupt his mission. On his return to Rome he was made a cardinal (18.31) by Gregory XVI, who, on the resignation of Cardinal Bernetti, appointed Lam-