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the lot of its younger members, he was ordained, and taught philosophy and theology for some time until he was made master of novices, an office he filled for four years. Having exercised it with success he was ap- pointed director of the fathers in third probation; but after three years in this difficult post he broke down in health, and was sent to the college of Bourges, in the hope that change of occupation would restore him. The hope was not to be fulfilled: and he died after a few months. Lallemant has been called the Bal- thazar Alvarez of France, and not without reason. His ideals were no less heroic and his efforts after them as uncompromising as those of that great mas- ter of spiritual life. Like him also, he expected from others what he did himself. He set, therefore, the highest ideals before his disciples, especially the Fathers of the third probation, and required them to rise to such ideals. Moreover, as Father Balthazar Alvarez may be held to have contributed not a little, through the great masters of spiritual life he formed, to fix that special type of spirituality which characterized the Spanish Jesuits, so to Father Lallemant 's teaching may be traced in no small measure the specific spirituality of the French Jesuits, which the eminent men who came under his teaching and formation diffused throughout the French provinces. He is known to- day chiefly by his " Doctrine Spirituelle", a collection of his maxims and instructions gathered together by Father Jean Rigoleuc, one of his disciples, and detail- ing verj' thoroughly his spiritual method.

Champion, La Doctrine Spirituelle du P. Louis Lallemant (Paris. 1694), precederi by a life of Lallemant; Guilhermy, Menologie de V Assistance de France^ 5 April; Patrignani, Mcnologio delta Compagnia di Geaii.

Henry Woods.

LaloT, Teres.\, co-foundress, with Bishop Neale of Baltimore, of the Visitation Order in the United States, b. in Ireland; d. 9 Sept., 1S46. Her child- hood, spent in Co. Kilkenny, gave such evident mani- festations of a vocation to the religious life that Bishop Lanigan of Ossory had made arrangements for her entrance into a convent of his diocese, when she was obliged to accompany her family to America. Arriving at Philadelphia in 1797, she became ac- quainted w-ith Rev. I>eonard Neale, pastor of St. Joseph's church in that city, and under his direction she devoted herself to works of piety and charity. He recognized in her an instrument for the formation of a religious community, and with this object in view an academy was opened for the instruction of girls. But an epidemic of yellow fever carried off Miss Lalor's companions, and as Father Neale was trans- ferred in 1799 from Philadelphia, to become president of Georgetown College, she also went to Georgetown, D. C, and was for a time domiciled with a small com- munity of Poor Clares, exiled from France. On the departure of the Poor Clares from America, Miss Lalor and two companions opened a school of their own in a house which stood within the present grounds of the Visitation convent, the oldest house of the order in the United States. The "pious ladies", as they were called, aspired to become religious, and, as Bishop Neale was greatly in favour of the rule of St. Francis de Sales, he wished to affiliate them with the order founded by the saintly Bishop of Geneva; but the disturbed condition of ecclesiastical affairs in Europe prevented this until 1S16, when he obtained a grant from Pius VH for the community to be considered as belonging to the Order of the Visitation, sharing in all the spiritual advantages thereto annexed. Mother Teresa with two other sisters was professed on the feast of the Holy Innocents of that same year, and became the first superioress of the Georgetown Con- vent. She lived to see three other houses of the institute founded, offshoots of the mother-house: Mo- bile, in 1S32: Kaskaskia (afterwards transferred to St. Louis), in 18.33; and Baltimore, in 1837. She was VIII.— 48

assistecl in her last moments by Archbishop Eccleston of Baltimore. She was about seventy-.seven years of age, forty-six of which had been spent in the enclosure where her remains repose, with those of Archbishop Neale, in the crypt beneath the chapel of the convent which they founded.

Lathrop (George Parsons and Rose Hawthor.ne). .4 Story of Courage (Cambridge, 1895); MS. records of the Visita- tion convent, Georgetown, D. C, a short account of the life of the foundress of the Visitation Order in America.

E. Devitt.

La Luzerne, Cesah-Guillaume, French cardinal, b. at Paris, 173S; d. there, 1821. He studied at the College de Navarre, and rose, through the influence of his kinsman Lamoignon, to the See of Langres (1770), thus becoming duke and peer of the realm. In that capacity he took part in the Assembl^e des Notables (1788) and in the Etats-Generaux (1789). The futility of his efforts to keep the "Constituante " within the limits of moderation caused him to withdraw from that body. In 1791, he refused to take the constitu- tional oath and emigrated to Con.stance and Venice where he gave a generous hospitality to the French exiles and wrote extensively. Under the Restoration he returned to France, became cardinal and state minister (1817) and was re-appointed to the See of Langres which he had resigned at the time of the Con- cordat. His principal works are: "Oraison funebre de Louis XV" (Paris, 1774); "Considerations sur divers points de la morale chretienne" (Venice, 179.5- 1799); "Explication des iSvangiles des dimanches et des fetes" (Venice, 1807); "Considerations sur la declaration du clerge de FVance en 1682 " (Paris, 1821) An excellent apologist and a lucid expounder of Catholic faith and Christian ethics, La Luzerne, like Frayssinous, Talleyrand-Perigord and Bausset, was a belated representative of the old Gallicanism. His efforts to revive it failed, owing partly to the fall of the Bourbons and partly because of the galaxy of brilliant writers who, in "L'Avenir" and other publications, gave to France a definite Roman orientation.

Vie de la Luzerne in Migne. Demonstrations Ei^npHiques; Deimie in Eneyclopedie du XIX Siicle, s. v. ; Rohrbacher, Hist, de VEglise.ed. Gaume, IV (Paris. l.S69).62a; Belamt. La thrologie Catholique au XIX' siicle (Paris, 1904) ; Bacnard, In siicle de VEglise de France (Paris, 1902).

J. F. Sollier.

Lamarck (la Marck; bot. abbr. Lam., zool. Lm.), Jk.a^n-Baptiste-Fierre-Antqine de Monet, Che- valier DE, a distinguishc;d botanist, zoologist, and natural philosopher, b. at Bazentin in Picardy (de- partment of Somme), France, 1 August, 1744; d. at Paris, 18 December, 1829. His father, Pierre de Monet, intended him for the priesthood, so Lamarck first studied at the Jesuit college at Amiens. LTpon the death of his father, however, he joined, in 1671, the French army in northern Germany, and on the day of his arrival, during the Seven Years' War, was made an officer on the field of battle for bravery, ^^"hen twenty-four years old he was obliged, on account of illness, to leave the army with a verj' small pension. While supporting himself by working as clerk in a bank at Paris, he studied medicine, meteorology, and botany in his spare hours. He never practised medi- cine, and his numerous meteorological writings have no scientific value; the same is true of his physical and chemical works, in which he opposed Lavoisier. They were all written to support himself and his familv. It was otherwise with the different branches of biology: from 1778 he was an able botanist, from 1794 a zool- ogist, about 1800 began his speculative labours upon the variation of species.

In 1778 he wrote in six months the first complete account of the flora of France. "Flore fran^aise" (3 vols., Paris, 1778; 3rd ed. edited by de Candolle, 6 vols., 1805-15). Both in the introduction to this work and in several treatises, Lamarck explained the