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 LAICIZATION

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LAICIZATION

largely due to the aid received from the Archduke Fer- dinand, who had become Emperor Ferdinand II in 1597, and from the Jesuits who had been called to Lai- bach. In 1616 the bishop sent a detailed report of his labours to Pope Paul V (cf. Joseph Schmidlin, "Die kirchlichen Zustande in Deutschland vor dem Dreis- sigjahrigen Ivrieg", I, Freiburg, 1908, pp. 3.3-50; concerning Bishop Chrocn see the monograph by Stepi- schneg, Salzburg, 1856). On the reorganization of the dioceses by Joseph II, Laibaeh was raised to an archdiocese (1787), the elevation being confirmed by Pius VI in 1788. The Archdiocese of Gorz was sup- pressed (see Gorz), and Laibaeh received as suffra- gans the dioceses of Zengg-Modrus, Gradisca, and later also Triest. In 1807 Pius VII dissolved the Archdio- cese of Laibaeh, and made it once more a simple dio- cese directly dependent on the Holy See. On the re-e!evation of Gorz to an archdiocese in 1830, Laibaeh was made suffragan to it and given its present bound- aries. The then Bishop of Laibaeh, Antonius Aloy- sius Wolf (1824-59), received as compensation the title of prince-bishop. The present bishop is Antonius Bona Ventura Jeglid (b. 20 May, 1850, at Begunje; con- secrated 12 September, 1897, at Serajevo).

Statistics. — The diocese is divided into 5 arch- deaneries: Laibaeh, Upper Krain, Interior Krain, Mid- dle Krain, and Lower Krain. These are subdivided into 22 deaneries. At the beginning of 1909 the .see contained 17 cathedral prebends, 296 parishes (of which 28 were vacant), I vicarship, 3 ancient chap- laincies, 17 Exposituren (i. e. filial churches joined to the mother church only by some unimportant link to recall their former relations), 235 positions for assistant clergy (95 vacant), 36 other benefices, 321 parish churches, 1000 dependent churches, 11 mon- astery churches, 229 chapels. Besides the prince- bishop there are 16 canons, 444 parish priests, 76 ecclesiastics in other positions, 51 priests retired on pensions, 134 regulars. The population consists of 572,613 Catholics, about 400 Protestants, 290 Or- thodox Greeks, 145 Jews. The language spoken by the great majority of the inhabitants of the diocese (about 94 per cent.) is Slovenian. German is spoken in the larger cities like Laibaeh and Rudolstadt, and in the German-speaking centre of Gotschee. The cathe- dral chapter consists of 12 regular and 6 honorary ca- nons; they are nominated in part by the emperor, in part by noble families and the provincial council, and are partly the free appointment of the bishop. Since 1493 a coUegiate chapter has also existed in connexion with the parish church of St. Nikolaus at Rudolfswcrt; it consists of a mitred provost and 4 members. The consistory of the prince-bishop is made up of the ca- thedral chapter, 2 honorary canons, and 2 other mem- bers. The training of the clergy is provided for by a diocesan theological institute, founded in 1791, which has a pro-rector, 8 professors, and 3 instructors; a dioc- esan clerical seminary with 63 students, and a semi- nary for boys, the Colleqium Aloi/sianum, founded in 1846, which has 36 students. Ecclesiastical profes- sors give religious instruction in the gymnasium of St. Veit near Laibaeh (190 students), in the 3 gymnasia and the upper high school at Laibaeh, also in other schools.

The religious orders and congregations for men in the diocese are: Cistercians, 1 abbey at Sittich, 12 priests, 3 clerics, and 14 lay brothers; Carthusians, 1 monastery at Pletrije, 29 prie.sts, 31 brothers; Francis- cans, 5 monasteries, 49 priests, 17 clerics, 32 lay brothers; Capuchins, 2 monasteries, 8 priests, 6 brothers; Brothers of Mercy, 1 monastery, 1 priest, 18 brothers; Jesuits, 1 residence, 7 priests, 3 coadjutors; Society of St. Vincent de Paul, 1 mission house, 9 mis- sioners, 9 lay brothers; Priests of the Teutonic Order, 1 branch monastery, 8 priests, 2 clerics, 1 lay brother; Salesians, 2 houses, 10 priests, 24 clerics, 33 novices, 7 lay brothers. The religious orders and congregations

for women in the diocese are: Ursulines, 187 in 3 houses with which are connected primary schools and 2 seminaries for female teachers; Discalced Carmelite Nuns, 1 convent with 16 sisters; Sisters of Christian Charity, 284 sisters in 17 houses, nearly all of which are connected with hospitals, orphanages, insane asy- lums, and similar institutions; School Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis, 68 sisters in 4 houses; 1 or- phan asylum, and 3 schools; Sisters of Mercy of the Holy Cross, 7 sisters attached to the home for girls, Josephinum, at Laibaeh. Among the religious asso- ciations of the diocese are: the Society of St. Herma- goras which, like the Society of St. Charles Borromeo (q. v.), encourages the diffusion of good literature; the Society of Sts. Cyrillus and Methodius, which aims to promote religious and national instruction in the ele- mentary schools; the Third Order of St. Francis; the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, and the Congregation of Mary.

The Cathedral of St. Nikolaus was built 1700-07 in Renaissance style by the Jesuit Andrea Pozzo. Hardly any large churches of the early Middle Ages still exist, on account of the repeated incursions of the Turks into Krain from 1396. The largest Gothic church of the earlier ages still standing is that of Krainburg, built in 1491, of which the church at Bischoflack, erected in 1532, is a copy. The finest churches in the Barocco style are: the Franciscan church at Laibaeh (1546), the church of St. Peter (eighteenth century) at the same place, and the church of St. Jakob (1714), also at Laibaeh.

ScHOENLEBEN, Camiola antiqua et nova (Laibaeh, 1681 — ); Valvassor, Ehre des Herzogtums Krain (1689; new ed., Lai- baeh, 1877-83); DiraTZ, Gesch. Krains (4 vols., 1874-6); Die osUrreich-untiar. Monarchie in Wort u. Bi[d, VIII (Vienna, 1891); Calalogus Cleri et heneficioru7n ecclesiasticorum dimcesis Labacensis pro 1909 (Laibaeh, 1909) ; also variou.s articles in the Mittcilungen des histor.V ercins fur Krain and Archiv fur Gesch, von Krain,

Joseph Lins.

Laicization (Lat. laicus, lay). — The term laity signifies the aggregation of those Christians who do not form part of the clergy (see Laity). Conse- quently the word lay does not strictly connote any idea of hostility towards the clergy or the Church, much less towards religion. Laicization therefore, considered etymologically, simply means the reducing of persons or things having an ecclesiastical charac- ter to a lay condition. But in recent times, espe- cially in France, the word lay has assumed a decid- edly anti-clerical and even anti-religious meaning, which has extended also to the derivatives laicize and laicization. This change seems to have origi- nated in the struggles and controversies, at once religious and political, that have arisen in that country in connexion with the educational question: teachers belonging to religious congregations (con- gri'ganisles) have been driven from the public schools; all religious instruction has been forljidden therein, and this new lay character (kiicilc) of the public school has been declared to be essential and inviolable. The expression, once current, has received a formidable extension and an aggressive anti-religious meaning as applied to everything relating, whether more or less remotely, to the Catholic Church and even to religion in general. So it is usual to designate as "laicized" any institution withdrawn from the influence of eccle- siastical or religious authority, or from which the priest and his ministry have been excluded. A " lay" school, therefore, is one in which, not only is no place found for the catechism or the priest, but wherein the instruction given ignores all religion and God him- self; "lay" legislation is that wliii-li is inspired by no religious idea, which looks on society as atheistic, and reduces religious worship to the purely voluntary acts of iiidivicluiils; finally, the "lay" State, or Govern- ment, is one that recognizes no Church, no religion, and which excludes even the name of God from all its