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LAIBACH

to be pulled down. Some fragments of it still re- mained when Lahore was visited by the French traveller Thcvcnot in 1665; but these have since been totally effaced, and from that time all traces of Chris- tianity disappeared from the place. About 16.37 the Holy See established the Vicariate of the Deccan, which soon afterwards (1669) became the Vicariate of the Great Mogul, with an indefinite extension over the whole of the Mogul empire. But missionary enterprise was limited to the southern parts, such as Surat, Golconda, Bijapur, etc., nothing being done for the Punjab. From 1720 this vicariate came to be centred in Bomlaay, and so acquired that name. In 1784 the northern portion, including the Punjab, was divided off and attached to the mission of Tibet, which had been assigned to Italian Capu- chins in 1703. The Prefecture Apostolic of Tibet developed into the Vicariate of .\gra in 1822. It continued to include Lahore till 1880, when the Pun-

The Cathedral. Lahore

jab was divided from Agra and made into a sepa- rate vicariate. In 1882 the limits of the Vicariate of Lahore were more exactly defined and made to in- clude Kashmer. In 1886, when the Indian hierarchy was established, Agra was elevated into an arch- bishopric with the Diocese of Lahore as one of its suffragans. In 1887 Kashmer and Kafiristan were separated into a new prefecture Apostolic. Down to 1889 the Lahore diocese was in charge of the Italian Capuchins, but in that year it was taken over by the Belgian province of the same order in whose hands it now remains. The following is a list of the bishops who have governed Lahore: — Paul Tosi, Bishop of Rhodi- opolis, Vicar .\postolic of Patna, took charge of the new vicariate on its formation in 1880 and liecame the first Bishop of Lahore in 18SG; Symphorian Mouard, transferred from the Seychelles in 1888; Emmanuel van den Bosch, 1891, transferred to Agra in 1892; Godfrey Pelckmans, 1892; Fabian Anthony Eester- mans, from 1905.

Out of a total of 16,000,000 inhabitants the Cath- olic population is calculated at about 5700. The diocese is served by 38 Capuchin fathers and contains 30 churches and chapels. Of educational institutions for boys there are the following: St. Anthony's High School, Lahore, for Europeans and Eurasians, with 108 pupils; .\nglo-vernacular school, Dalwal, with 280 native pupils; St. Francis's primary school, La- hore, under the Tertiary Brothers of St. Francis of Assisi, with thirty orphans; elementary schools at three other places with 300 pupils, .\gricultural school orphanage at Maryabad. uiuler the same ter- tiaries, with thirty orphans. Ivlucational establish- ments for girls: two under the Nuns of Jesus and Mary, namely, at Lahore with sixty boarders and

sixty day-scholars, and at Sialkot with sixty-seven pupils; four under the Sisters of Charity, namely, St. Mary's Convent, Multan, with about eighty-six pupils, St. Joseph's Orphanage, Lahore, with ninety native pupils, including a foundling home and high class school for native girls. Convent of the Sacred Heart, Dalhousie, with forty-six pupils; and St. Vin- cent's convent dispensary, school, and catechumenate at Khushpur — two under the Franciscan Nuns of the Propagation of the Faith, namely. Convent School with catechumenate at Maryabad, with seventy-five children, and a lunatic asylum for females at Lahore. Total, 5 high schools, 15 middle or primary schools, 2 industrial schools, 5 orphanages, 1 home for aban- doned children, 6 free dispensaries, and 1 lunatic asylum. The missionary centres are at Lahore, Multan, Firozpur, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Dalhousie, Sialkot, Mean-Meer, Maryabad, Adah, Sahowala, Khushpur, Francisabad, and Lyallpur. A new cathe- dral at Lahore, in the Romanesque style, and of notable size and magnificence, built at a total cost of about four lacs of rupees, was consecrated 19 November, 1907.

Madras Catholic Directory, 1909. and earlier issues: Directory of Archdiocese of Affra and Suffragan Dioceses (190S); GoLDIE, The First Mission to the Great Mogul (Loiidou, 1S97), ch. vii- viii: HoSTEN, Jesuit Missionaries in North India (Calcutta,

1907). Ernest R. Hull.

Laibach, Diocese op (Labacensis), Austrian bish- opric and suffragan of Gorz, embraces the territory of the .\ustrian crown-land of Carniola (Krain).

History. — The Diocese of Laibach was founded in the fifteenth century. From the overthrow of the Kingdom of the Avars (81 1) to the date of the erection of the new see, the region now included in the diocese always belonged ecclesiastically to the Patriarchate of Aquileia, of which is formed one of the five archdiac- onates. The German emperors repeatedly invested the patriarchs of Aquileia with the title and authority of Margrave of Krain (as in 1077, 1093, 1210), but the patriarchs were never able to maintain themselves in this position for any length of time. Rudolf of Habs- burg secured the territory for the House of Habsburg, and as in the later Middle Ages the secular power of the patriarchs of Aquileia had been almost entirely acquired liy the Republic of Venice, Frederick III de- cided in 1461 to found a separate diocese in order to detach the province ecclesiastically also from Aquileia. The erection of the Diocese of Laibach was confirmed in 1462 by Pius II, who made it directly dependent on the Holy See. The first bishop was Sigismund von Lamberg (1463-88). The new diocese did not include the whole of Carniola, large portions of which were subject to the bishops of Brixen and Freising, while on the other hand parts of Carinthia and Styria, where the episcopal resident of Oberberg was situated, be- longed to Laibach. The work of the bishops was greatly hampered by this irregular distribution of their territory. 'The teachings of Luther gained a footing in the diocese under the second bishop, Christoph Rauber (1495-1536), and still more under his succes- sor, Franciscus Kazianer von Katzcnstein (15.34—44). The new doctrines found warm supporters in two ca- thedral canons, Primus Triiber and Paul Wiener, so that by the middle of the sixteenth century the greater part, of the nobility and almost a majority of the mid- dle class professed Protestantism.

Bishop Johann Tautscher (1580-97), who lived most of the time at Graz with Archduke Karl, ener- getically combated the furtlier advance of the new doc- trine, and laboured incessantly for the reform of the clergy, tl;e promotion of church services, and the re- establishment of the Catholic Faith. Still greater credit is due to his successor. Thomas Chroen (1598- 1630), called the "Apostle of Krain", who in a few years brought about the triumph of the counter- Reformation in the city and diocese. His success was