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Nuremberg the last famous Gothic monuments in stone. The earliest of his extant works are the so- called "Seven Falls of Christ", that is to say Stations of the Cross representing Christ tottering and falling under the weight of His Cross, as well as the descent from the Cross. They were completed about 1490, and are now in the Germanic Museum at Nuremberg. The memorial bronze monument over the Schreyer and Landauer tomb in the church of St. Sebaldus was completed in 1492; three of its reliefs, highly coloured, represent Christ carrying the Cross, His burial and resurrection, with a landscape for background. Later, Krafft undertook, at the request of Imhoff, the famous marble tabernacle in the church of St. Laurence. Decorated with tall slender turrets, a canopy, carved figures, and finely chiselled ornaments, it tapers gradu- ally to its summit. Four bases and three carved figures, of the ma.ster and his two apprentices, support the pedestal, above which rises the rectangular taber- nacle, richly decorated with delicate relieis and with the figures of angels and saints in the numerous sur- rounding niches. It is universally admired as one of the most beautiful creations of Ciothic art, and legend relates that the stone softened at the touch of Ivrafft's chisel, to harden again in the new form which he im- parted to it. Among the master's works are also three handsome sepulchral monuments with statues of the Madonna, besides an " Entombment of Christ " and " Christ on Mount Olivet". Krafft's technical skill is amazing. His scenes from the Passion show deep feeling, his portrayal of saints is noble and full of ex- pression, though his executioners are vulgar and re- pulsive. Gothic idealism seems to merge into a native realism; not Italian beauty of form, but native German strength, simplicity, and piety give value to his art.

Wagner, Niirnberger Bildhauerwerke des MitteJnUers. I: Niirn- bergische Kunsller nach ihrem Leben und ihrem Wirken, pt. XI; particularly Daun, Adam Krafft (Berlin, 1897); Idem, Peter Vischer und Adam Krafft (Bielefeld, 1905).

G. GlETMANN.

Erain or Carniola (Slov. Kranjsko), a duchy and crownland in the Austrian Empire, bounded on the north by Karinthia, on the north-east by Styria, on the south-east and south by Croatia, and on the west by Trieste, Goritza, and Istria; area, 3857 sq. miles; population, 510,000. The Julian and Karavanken Alps traverse the country. The highest mountain

Eeaks are Nanos, 4200 feet; Vremsdica, 3360 feet; _neznik, 5900 feet; Triglav, 9300 feet, on the top of which Jacob Alja^, priest and tourist, erected a cy- lindrical hut of steel, capable of accommodating 4 or 5 persons. The principal rivers are the Save, the Tr^aska Bistrica, the Kokra, the Kamniska Bistrica, the Sora, the Ljubljanica, the Mirna, the Krka, and the Kupa which serves as a boundary with Croatia. The principal lakes are Crno, spreading into seven lakes, of which the highest is over 6000 feet above sea-level; Bohinjsko; Blesko, in the middle of which on an island is built a church to the Blessed Virgin, amidst most picturesque scenery; Cerknisko, 1700 feet above sea-level, varies annually in extent from over ten to about five sq. miles. It was known to the Romans as Lugea palus, and is a natural curi- osity. Dante Alighieri mentions it in his " Divina Commedia" (Inferno, xxxii). The Ljubljana fens cover an area of 76 sq. miles. Hot and mineral springs are to be found at Sui^ica, Smarjetske, and Medijske. There is an interesting cave at Postojna. Of the inhabitants 95 per cent are Slovenes, kinsmen to the Croats; the remainder are Germans, 700 Croats, and Italians. In the districts of Gotschee and Crnomelj dwell the White Krainers, the connecting link between the Croats and Slovenes. One-half of the Germans live in Gdtschcc, MOO in Ljubljana, 3500 at Novo Mesto, and 1000 at Kadovljice. The Germans at (Jotsehee were settled there by Otho,

Count of Ortenburg, in the fourteenth century, and they preserve their Tyrolean German dialect. Over 99 per cent of the people are Catholics; the remainder includes 319 Schismatics, 509 Protestants, 24 Ar- menians, 96 Jews, 7 infidels. Ninety-six per cent of the soil is productive.

Agriculture thrives better in Upper than in Lower Krain. The valley of Vipava is especially famous for its wine and vegetables, and for its mild climate. The principal exports are all kinds of vegetables, clover-seed, lumber, carvings, cattle, and honey. In the mineral kingdom the principal products are iron, coal, quicksilver, manganese, lead, and zinc. Upper Krain has the most industries, among the products being lumber, linen, woollen stuffs, and laces (in Idria), bells, straw hats, wicker-work, and tobacco. The railroads are the Ju^na, the Prince Rudolf, the Bohinjska, the Kamniska, the Dolenjska, and the Vrhniska. The capital is Ljubljana, see of the prince-bishop; population, 40,000; it was known to the Romans as .^Dmona, and was destroyed by Obri in the sixth century. Krain is divided into Upper Krain or Gorenjsko, Lower Krain or Dolenj- sko, and Central Krain or Notranjsko. The princi- pal cities and towns are: Kamnik, Kranj, Trzi6, Vrhnika, Vipava, Idria (which has the richest quick- silver mine in the world), Turjak, Ribnica, Methka, Novo Mesto, Vace (famous for its prehistoric grave- yard). The mean average temperature in spring is 56°; in summer, 77°; in autumn, 59°, and in winter, 26°. Politically the country is divided into 11 dis- tricts consisting of 359 communes; the state capital is the residence of the imperial governor. The dis- tricts are: Kamnik, Kranj, Radovljica, the neigh- bourhood of Ljubljana, Logatec, Postojna, Litija, Kjsko, Novo Mesto, Crnomelj, and Gotschee or Ko- 6evje. There are 31 judicial circuits. The duchy was constituted by rescript of 20 December, 1860, and by imperial patent of 26 February, 1S61, modi- fied by legislation of 21 December, 1867, granting power to the home parliament to enact all laws not reserved to the imperial diet, at which it is repre- sented by eleven delegates, of whom two are elected by the landowners, three by the cities, towns, com- mercial and industrial boards, five by the village communes, and one by a fifth curia. The ballot is secret, every duly registered male twenty-four years of age has the right to vote. The home legislature consists of a single chamber of thirty-seven members, among whom the prince-bishop sits ex officio. The emperor convenes the legislature, and it is presided over by the governor. The landed interests elect ten members, the cities and towns eight, the commercial and industrial boards two, the village communes six- teen. The business of the chamber is restricted to legislating on agriculture, pul)lic and charitable in- stitutions, administration of communes, church and school affairs, the transportation and housing of sol- diers in war and during manoeuvres, and other local matters. The land budget of 1901 amounted to 3,573,280 crowns ($714,656).

Ecclesiastical History. — In early Christian times the duchy was under the jurisdiction of the metropolitans of Aquileia, Syrmium, and Salona; but in consequence of the immigration of the pagan Slovenes, this arrange- ment was not a lasting one. After they had em- braced Christianity in the seventh and eighth cen- turies Charlemagne conferred the major part of Krain on the Patriarchate of Aquileia, and the remainder on the Diocese of Trieste. In 1100 that patriarchate was divided into five archdeaconries, of which Krain was one. Emperor Frederick III, 6 December, 1461, es- tablished the Diocese of Ljubljana or Laibach, subject directly to the pope, and this was confirmed by a Bull of Pope Pius II, 10 September, 1462. The new diocese consisted of part of LTpper Krain, two par- ishes in Lower Krain, and a portion of Lower Styria