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der. To this was added by Bishop Nicholas of Prague, on the authorization of the pope, a red six-pointed star (10 Oct., 1250), probably from the arms of the first general, Albrecht von Sternl.ierg.

The order, which by 1253 had extensive possessions in Bohemia, soon spread to neighbouring lands. The Breslau house in particular was the centre of many other foundations. It is Bohemia, in an especial manner, to which the knights have rendered incalcu- lable services. Their success in hospital work is evidenced by the rapidity with which their houses multiplied, and the frequent testimony borne to it in documents of kings and emperors. Within two dec- ades after their foundation the care of souls had become as important as their hospital work, so quickly had the majority of lay brothers been replaced by priests. Numberless churches were entrusted to them in all parts of Bohemia, particularly- the \\'est, where they formed a bulwark of the Faitli during the ravages of heresy in that region; the Taborites murtlered the pastor of St. Stephen's at Prague, and the Hussites destroyed the mother-house and brought the order al- most to the point of dissolution, but it recovered sufficiently to offer strenuous resistance to the ad- vance of the Reformed teachings. In the war with Sweden the members of the order justified their claim to the title of knights during the siege of Eger, fighting side by side with the townspeople, and sharing with them their last crust. Their hospital at Prague was also the first refuge of other orders who came to work for souls in Bohemia, among others the Jesuits (1555) and Capuchins (1599). For almost a hundred and fifty years the archbishops of Prague held the post of grand master and were supported almost entirely by the revenues of the order. Only on the restoration of the possessions of the archdiocese at the end of the seven- teenth century was the grand master again elected from among the members, and a general reform in- stituted. George Ignatius Paspichal (1694-99), the first grand master under the new regime, showed great zeal for the restoration of the primitive ideals, es- pecially that of charity. Even to the present day the Prague monastery supixirts twelve pensioners and dis- tributes the so-called "hospital portion " to forty poor.

Many knights have won enviable reputations in the world of learning, among others Nicholas Kozarz Ko- zar^owa (d. 1592), celebrated mathematician and astronomer: John Francis Befkowsky (d. 1725), who established at Prague an herbarium which is still in existence, and Zimmermann, the historian.

At the present time, besides the mother-house at Prague, there are about 26 incorporated parishes, and 85 professed members, several of whom are engaged in gymnasia and the University of Prague. There are benefices at Hadrisk, Vienna, where the order has been established since the thirteenth century, Eger, Briix, and Schaab.

Helyot, Histoire des ordres religieux (Paris, 1859); Jansen in Kirchentex.; Jacksche, Gesch. des ritterl. Ordens der Kreuz- herren mit dem roten Sterne (Vienna, 1882); Renula, statuta et constitutiones ordinis cruci'jerorum (Prague, 1880); von Bren- ENBERO, Analekten zur Gerchichte des Militar-Kreuzordens mit dem rothen Stern (Prague, 1787).

F. M. RUDGE.

Enin. See Kalocsa-Bacs, Archdiocese of.

Knoblecher, Ignatius, Catholic missionary in Cen- tral Africa, b. 6 July, 1819, at St. Cantian in Lower Camiola; d. 13 April, 1858, at Naples. He studied at the gymnasium of lludolfswert.h, at the lyceum and the theological seminary of Laibach, and at the col- lege of Propaganda in Rome. On 9 March, ISl.'i, he was ordained priest, and a year later was gniduated at Propaganda ;ls doctor of theology. When the Vi- cariate Apostolic fur Cenlr.-d .\frica was erected on 3 April. ISKi, the Congregation of Propaganda se- lected Knoblecher as one of the missionaries for that

country. Before leaving for Central Africa he spent eight months on the Lebanon and at other places in Syria to acquaint himself with the rites and customs of the Oriental Christians. Towards the end of Sep- tember, 1847, he left Cairo in company of Maximilian Ryllo, S.J., the Pro- Vicar Apostolic of Central Africa, and four other missionaries, and arrived at Khartoum on 11 February, 1848. Here they erected a school for young negroes whom they had purchased in the slave- market and who subsequently assisted them on their missions. Through them Knoblecher became ac- quainted with the languages spoken in the interior of Africa, and was soon enabled to compile a sort of dic- tionary of these languages. When Fat her Ryllo died, on 17 June, 184.'>, Knolilcchcr succeeded him as pro-vicar Apostolic. I'mm Khartoum Knolilecher made an ex- pedition uito the interior of Africa in the fall of 1849. He ascended the Bahr-el-Abiad (White Nile) and was the first white man to penetrate into the land of the Bari tribe as far as 4° 10' north latitude. In 1850 he went back to Austria to recruit missionaries and collect money for the African missions. He returned to Af- rica in 1852 with five new missionaries, erected a mis- sion among the Bari tribe at Gondokoro, and in 1854 another among the Denka or Jangeh tribe at Ang- weyn (Heiligenkreuz). The missionaries were hamp- ered in their apostolic labours by European merchants and slave-trsders, to whose interest it was to keep the tribes of Central Africa in a state of savagery and heathenism. The deadly climate also cut short the lives of many missionaries, and Knoblecher himself died while making a journey to Europe to regain his health. Valuable accounts of his travels in Central Africa were published in " Jahresberichte des Marien- vereins" (Vienna, 18.52-.5S). His large ethnograph- ical and ornithological collections are preserved in the cabinets of natural curiosities at Vienna and Laibach, and the studies which he prepared on the Denka and Bari languages are to be seen in the Imperial Library of Vienna.

MiTTERRUTZNER, Dr. Ignaz Knoblecher, apostolischer Pro- vicar der Kath. Miss, in Cenlral-Afrika (Brixen, 1869).

Michael Ott.

Enoll, Albert (Joseph), dogmatic theologian of the Order of Friars Minor Capuchins, b. at Bnmeck in northern Tyrol, 12 July, 1796; d. at Bozen, 30 March, 1863. He was ordained to the priesthood in Novem- ber, 1818, and five years later was appointed to teach dogmatic theology in the Capuchin convent at Meran. He held this position for twenty-four years. Having been elected to the office of definitor general in 1847, he went to Rome, but returned to Bozen, in 1853, when his term of office had expired. While at Rome he wrote his " Institutiones Theologiic Dogmaticse Generalis seu Fundamentalis" (Innsbruck, 1852). The following year he pulilished at Turin the first volume of his " Inslitutiimes Theologian Theoreticse seu Dogmatico-Polemica- ", which was followed by five other volumes, the last one appearing in 1859. In this work the author observes the order of treatment us- ually followed by the text-books. His brief but accu- rate descriptions of both ancient and modern heresies, his frequent and happy quotations from the writings of the Fathers, the masterly way in which he handles such dirticult sulijects as grace, free-will, and original sin, place liini among the foremost theologians of the nineteenth century. He wrote a compendium in two volumes of the "Institutiones Theol<igi;e Thcorcticie" which was published at Turin in ISti.S. The last edition of the larger work, correeled ami amended liy Father Gottfried of Graun, was published at Innsbruck in 1893. Knoll's "Expositio Kegula- Fratrum Mi- norum", a treatise on the oliligations of the Francis- can rule, has been commended as a faithful interpre- tation of the spirit of St. Francis.

HoRTER, IVomcncUttor Litcroriu^, III, 931-2.

Stephen M. Donovan.