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KNEIPP

interest in the problems of the day, and soon became one of the most important leaders of the greater Ger- man party in Northern tlermany, the Austrian Am- bassador in Hanover aiding him in his efforts. In l<Sf)5 the King of Hanover created a commission for the care of the state archives and made Klopp re- porter with the title of archivist. He went o\'er the state archives, instituting important innovations in the manner of preserving them, which have been also adopted in the Prussian archives. During the war of 1866 he spent his time at headquarters near the king, in whose services he made two dangerous jour- neys to Frankfurt and Bavaria. After the capitula- tion of Langensalza he went to Vienna, where he drew up a petition for peace for his sovereign to King William of Prussia. He now settled permanently in Vienna, and to the end remained a faithful subject as well as a devoted admirer of George of Hanover, as shown by his book, " King George V. Every inch a King" (Hanover, 1878). In 1873 he became a convert to Catholicism. In consequence of his his- torical investigations he had been for years convinced of the truth of the Catholic Church, giving expression to this view in his three works, " Studien ilber Katho- lizismus, Protestantismus und Gewissensfreiheit " (Schaffhausen, 1857), " Wird Deutschland wieder Katholisch werden? " (Schaffhausen, 1859), and "Der evangelische Oberkirchenrat in Berlin und das Kon- zil" (Freiburg, 1869).

His numerous historical writings can be divided into three groups. The first deal with German and Prussian history, the most important works being the following: "Das Restitutionsedikt im nordwest- lichen Deutschland" (Gottingen, 1S60); "Der Konig Friedrich II. von Preussen und die deutsche Nation" (Schaffhausen, 1S60-7); "Tilly im dreissigjahrigen Kriege " (2 vols., Stuttgart, 1861), enlarged edition under the title: "Der dreissigjiilirige Krieg bis zum Tode Gustav Adolfs " (Paderborn, 1891); "Die preus- sische Politik des Friedericianismus nach Friedrich II." (Schaffhausen, 1867); " Riickblick auf die preus- sische Annexion des Konigreichs Hannover" (Mu- nich, 1868). The work on Tilly found great favour among Catholics, and the Emperor of Austria, as well as the Kings of Bavaria, Belgium, and Hanover, almost simultaneously sent him their gold medals for science and art. On the other hand, his works on Frederick II evoked sharp criticism from Prussian circles, and brought forth many replies, most of which he answered convincingly, as in his " Klein- deutsche Geschichtsbaumeister " (Freiburg, 1863).

The second group of writings are on the philosopher Leibniz. In 1861 Klopp made a proposition to the King of Hanover to publish Leibniz's works. For this purpose he thoroughly examined his entire literary re- mains, and subsequently published: "Die Werke von Leibniz gemass seinem handschriftlichen Nachlass in der Bibliothek zu Hannover. Erste Reihe: Historisch- poHtische und staatswissenschaftliche Sehriften" (11 vols., Hanover, 1864-84). The completion of this work, however, was made impossible, as Bismarck forbade him the use of the Hanoverian library. The French Academy of Sciences in a letter to Klopp lamented this interdiction on behalf of science. Later Klopp gave himself up to the exhaustive study of the history of the Stuarts. He had taken up this study with great zeal when he was in Eng- land in 1859, and in 1870 instituted further investi- gations of the English archives. The most important work that we have to thank him for on this subject, and one which is perhaps his masterpiece, is: "Der Fall des Hauses Stuart und die Succession des Hauses Hannover in Gross-Britannien und Irland im Zusam- menhang der europaischen Angelegenheiten von 1660-1714" (14 vols., Vienna, 1875-88).

The interest he took in the history of Austria, his second home, is shown in his two works: "Das Jahr

1683 und der folgende grosse Tiirkenkrieg bis zum Frieden von Carlowitz, 1699" (Graz, 1882), and " Corrispondenza epistolare tra Leopoldo I impera^ tore ed il V. .Marco d'.wiano Cappucino " (Graz, 1886), which was dedicated to Pope Leo XIII on the jubilee to celebrate his fiftieth year as a priest. We are indebted to Klopp above all for the new lines of historical research which he pointed out to Catholics, his works proving incontrovertiljly in de- fiance of all attacks that the study of original docu- ments based on these lines, and carried on with an incorruptible love of truth, will expose the errors of existing history.

{-'ompare the biography written by his son ia Biographischea Jahrbuch, VIII (Berlin, 1905), 117-23.

Patricius Schlager.

Knabl, Joseph, master of religious plastic art, b. at Fliess, Tyrol, in 1819; d. at Munich in ISSl. He was the son of poor parents, and was first apprenticed to Renn, a wood-carver at Imst, after which he studied ancient German wood-carving at Munich under Entres. Later he worked in the studio of Sickinger, and be- came, in 1859, a professor at the polytechnical school of the " Verein fiir Hebung des Gewerbes". In 1859 he entered the art institute of Mayer. The chair of ecclesiastical sculpture at the Academy of Munich was entrusted to him (1863) in recognition of his principal work, the " Coronation of The Virgin " in the Frauen- kirche. The figure of Mary, which is more than life size, stands at the middle of the high-altar, with six angels doing her reverence. The crown is laid on her head by the Heavenly Father and His Divine Son, between whom hovers the Holy Ghost ; forms of saints and angels appear in the beautiful framework. The composition and execution, the harmonious grouping and draping of the figures, show a masterly technique. Knabl also studied antique art as well as nature. His manner was original. From the Middle Ages he seems to have derived only religious inspiration ; the above-men- tioned work breathes genuine piety. His other works, chiefly in wood, are characterized by a strong and deeply rehgious feehng, not at all sentimental; the •softness and delicacy of his colouring are perhaps in many cases excessive. Knabl is one of the Roman- tics, and frequently recalls Overbeck and Fiihrich. Like these he is a lover of the German Middle Ages and of what appeals to the German people, into whose life and character his travels through Tyrol, Swabia, and the Rhine country gave him a deep insight. His work at the Mayer Institute, where he not only produced numerous drawings and sketches, but also trained capable scholars, was of very important practical bene- fit for the diffusion of a cultivated taste in religious art. Most of his works are in Bavaria (Munich, Haid- hausen, Passau, Eichstadt, Velden), but there are also some in Stuttgart, Mergentheim, and in other places. The subjects are: "Christ and the Apostles", "Christ on the Cross", several single statues of the Madonna (one for Lord Acton), the Madonna in a group, St. Anne (much admired at the Munich E.xposition of 1858 on account of its artistic draping). A group of St. Afra (Augsburg) was the first of the artist's works to attract attention. He left a son, Karl (d. 15 June, 1904), who studied painting in the school of Piloty and became a successful landscape artist.

Regnet, Gesch. der M unchener Kunst (Leipzig, 1871) ; Pecht, Gesch. der Miinchener Kunst des 19. Jahrh. (Munich, 1888). G. GlETMANN.

Enapp, Albekt. See Port of Spain, Archdio- cese OF.

Kneeling. See Genuflexion.

Eneipp, Seb.^stian, Bavarian priest and hydro- therapeutist, b. at Stephansreid, Bavaria, 17 May, 1821; d. at Worishofen, 17 June, 1897. The child of poor parents, he became a weaver like his father, but, during his time as a journejTnan, constantly cherished