Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 8.djvu/740

 KINO

660

KIOWA

and again to France in connexion with the marriage of James V. He erected a new library and other build- ings at his abbey, and carefully administered the prop- erty of the house. He became Bishop of Orkney in 1541, and his nephew Walter succeeded him as abbot. Walter conformed to Protestantism, and alienated most of the lands, which were erected into a temporal lord.ship in 1601 in favour of Edward Bruce, created Lord Bruce of Kinloss, a title still enjoyed by his de- scendant the Earl of Elgin, although the lands of Kin- loss were sold in 1043 to Brodie of Lethen, which fam- ily now owns them. Only a few fragments remain of the abbey buildings, including the west cloister wall, two fine Norman arches, and a two-storied building with groined roof, traditionally called the "prior's chambers ". The church has entirely disappeared.

Ferrerios, Hist. Ahbat. Kijnloss., ed. Bann.»ttne Club (1.S39); Stuart, Records of the Monastery o/ Kinloss (Edin- burgh, Soc. of Antiquaries, 1S72); Shaw. Hist, of the Province of Moray, ed. Gordon (Glasgow, 1882), III, 160-1S2; Robert- eoN, Scottish Abbeys and Cathedrals (.Aberdeen, 1891), 93, 97; Rampini. Hist, of Moray and Nairn (Ediaburgh, 1897), 116- 118; Walcott, Ancient Ch. of Scotland (London, 1874), 176- 179.

D. O. Hunteh-Bl.\ir.

Kino, EusEBius, a famous Jesuit missionary of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; b. 10 August, 1644, in Welschtirol (.\nauniensis) ; d. 15 March, 1711. Kiihn (his German name; luno representing the Italian and Spanish form) entered the Upper German Province of the Society of Jesus on 20 Nov., 1665. He was pro- fessor of mathematics for some years at Ingolstadt, and went to Mexico in 1680. There he founded the mission of Lower Cahfornia (Clavigero, " Historia della Calif or- nia", Venice, 1787, I, 163 .sqq.), the mission first begin- ning to develop when Father Ivino, who had been work- ing since 1687 in Sonora, crossed the Rio Colorado on a bold voyage of exploration, and discovered the over- land route to California, which he thus demonstrated to be a peninsula. We owe our first exact informa- tion about this vast and at that time almost unknown country to the reports and cartographical sketches of Father Ivino, who thoroughly explored the country several times, covering, according to Clavigero, more than 20,000 miles. On his apostolic activity in Son- ora, Shea writes ("The Catholic Church in Colonial Days", New York, 1886, p. 526 sq.): "He entered Upper Pimeria, 13 March, 1687, and established liis first mission at Nuestra Seiiora de los Dolores, having gained a chief named Coxi as his first convert. From this point he extended his influence in all directions, evincing wonderful ability in gaining the Indians, and in presenting the truths of Christianity in a way to meet their comprehension and reach their hearts." Venegas (Noticia de la California, Madrid, 1757, II, 88) and Alegre (Hist, de la Comp. de Jesus en Nueva Espaiia, II, 54 sq., 155 sq.) speak in terms of the great- est admiration of this extraordinary man. According to a manuscript account of Father P. A. Benz, S. J., Kino was shot by rebel Indians on 15 March, 1711. "No Ufe", writes Shea regretfully (loc. cit.), "has been written of this Father, who stands with the Venerable Anthony Margil as the greatest missionaries who laboured in tliis country ".

Manuscript sources extant of Father Kino among others: Diario del viaje hecho por las orillas del rio Grande; Descripcion de la Pimeria alta, Paso por tierra a la California, descubierto y demnrcado por el P. Ens. Fr. Kino 1689-1701; Mapa del paso por tierra d la California, 1706. The map {Tabula Cali- fomw anno 1702, ex autoptica ohservatione delineata R.P. ChinocS.J.) is printed in the Neuer Welt-Bott, pt. II, pp. 74-5; Lettres rdifiantcs el curieuses. V (Paris, 1708); Scherer, Atlas rwvus, 11.98; The Journal de Trcvoui says of the map (1704, p. 1238; cf. 1703, p. 676; 170,5. p. 745): " Father Kino a German Jesuit and very rVver in mnlnematics has made a very exact map of this whnir iniirtir\- " See also Viajes a la naciiin Pima en California rn /' ' /'/'. Jcsuitas Kino et Kappus ; the

the Historia Jc s .,.1 IvAi-egre.

Printed Sovirc' -. \ ■ ( il n -dunts and letters in the />ocuwi. para la hist, de Man,,, ill, I. pp. 804 sqq.; Scherer, op. cit., U, 101 sqq. Extractu from letters in the Neuer Welt-Bott, pt. I,

pp. 100, 109. Cf. Sommervogel, Bibl. des ecrivains de la Comp. de Jisus (Brussels).

For further details of Kino's life, see: Platzweg, Lebensbilder deutscher Jesuiten (Paderbom, 1882), 171 sqq.; Baegert, Nachrichten aus Califomien (Mannheim, 1771), 198 and pas- sim; Pfefferkorn, Sonora (Cologne, 1794), I, 3 sqq.; II, 319 sqq.; Gleeson, The Catholic Church in California, II, 94; vom Rath, Arizona (Heidelberg, 1885), 306 sqq.; Notes upon the first discovery of California (Washington, 1878); Woodstock Letters, X, 29 sqq. ; 158 sqq. On the first discovery of the Casa Grande by Father Kino see (e. g.) Schoolcraft, Hist. Cond. and Pros, of American Indians, III (1853), 301.

A. HUONDER.

Kiowa Indians (pronounced Kai-o-wa, Latin spell- ing, Spanish form: Caygua; Comanche form: Kaiwa, from Ka-i-gwu, the name used by themselves, of uncertain etymology). — An important Plains tribe, constituting a distinct linguistic stock, the Kiowan, now located in western Oklahoma, but formerly re- siding in the mountains about the heads of the Missouri River, in western Montana, in close alliance with the Crows. From this position they gradually drifted southward along the Plains, and after having been driven from the Black Hills region by the Sioux about the year 1800, made their principal headquarters upon the upper Arkansas. About the year 1790 they made peace with the Comanche, with whom they have ever since been closely confederated, and in company with whom they made constant raids far down into Texas and old Mexico, even as far as Zacatecas, until finally confined upon a reservation in 1869. In this southern movement they were accompanied by a small detached tribe of Athapascan stock, commonly known as Kiowa- Apache, who, in everything but language, are a com- ponent part of the Kowa tribe. The Kiowa made their first treaty with the Government in 1837. In 1867 they joined with the Comanche, Cheyenne, and Arapaho in the noted Medicine Lodge treaty, by which they agreed to go upon a reservation, but it was not until after the decisive battle of the Washita, under General Custer, 27 November, 1868, that they fulfilled their promise. Among their noted chiefs of this period were Setangya, or Satank, "Sitting Bear", Settainti or Satanta, " White Bear ", the " orator of the Plains", and Gui-pago, "Lone Wolf". In the later troubles Setangya was shot to pieces while re- sisting military arrest, Settainti committed suicide in prison, and Lone Wolf, with a number of others, was deported to Florida for a term of three years.

In 1873 the first educational work in the tribe was undertaken by the Quaker teacher, Thomas C. Battey, but he was compelled to desist a few months later in consequence of the general outbreak of the confed- erated southern Plains tribes (1874-1875), in which Lone Wolf headed the hostile Kiowa. Since then there has been no serious disturbance. Under an agreement negotiated in 1892, but held up and essen- tially modified before its final ratification in 1900, the reservation of the associated tribes was thrown open to white settlement, each Indian receiving an allot- ment of 160 acres, besides his share of the selling pro- ceeds, and they are now American citizens. Before their subjection to reservation restrictions the Kiowa were a typical equestrian Plains tribe, living in buffalo- skin tipis, dressing in buckskin, with paint and feath- ers, depending almost entirely upon the buffalo for subsistence, without agriculture, pottery, basketry, or fixed abode, constantly raiding in every direction, and with a reputation even among Indians for turbulent ferocity. Their weapons were the bow, lance, and shield, which last was made of toughened buffalo hide. There was no single head chief. Instead of a clan system (see Indian.s) they had a division into six (formerly seven) bands, including the Kiowa-Apache. On occasion of tribal gatherings, as at their great an- nual Sun Dance, each of these bands occupied an appointed place in the camp circle.

They had also a military organization of six orders, each with its own ceremonial dance and regulations,